Entering the grounds, which are enclosed only by a hedge, at the gate which fronts the chapel, on the right, (1,) is the original Rough House, the cradle of the institution, and just back of it the large chestnut tree, beneath which so many happy reunions have been celebrated. In the Rough House are accommodations for a family of twelve boys, the chief of this family and several of the brothers. There is also an apartment where the new comers are received until they can be distributed into their appropriate groups, and the business office. Passing up the graveled walk, is a side path to the left, which leads to the (2,) Book Bindery, (Buch-binderei,) and (3,) the Stereotype Foundry, in which some of the inmates are employed under trained workmen. Further to the left (4,) stands the Swiss House, (Schweizer-Haus,) erected in 1834. This is the Porter's Lodge and the Printing Office, with accommodations for a family of twelve boys, and their chief, and two brothers. Directly beyond the lodge and the bindery is the lake, into which the labor of the boys has expanded the once straggling brook, and on its borders droop the willow and the ash, beneath which (16,) stands the Fisherman's Hut, (Ficherhütte,) erected in 1846, for the residence of a group of boys, with two brothers.

On the right and just beyond the Rough House, stands (25,) a new dwelling erected in 1853, for the residence of a family of twelve boys, and a circle of brothers and assistants. The structure is very convenient, and the cost was about $1,500. In the northeast corner of the grounds, (16,) is the Bee Hive, (Bienenkorb,) erected in 1841, with accommodations for a group of twelve boys, and a circle of brothers.

Directly in front of the gate by which we entered, and in full sight, is (23, 24,) a group of buildings, in which is the chapel, (Anstaltsküche,) erected in 1835, the school-rooms, the library, the preparatory department for the girls, and (23,) the residence of the director of all this portion of the institution. Here too is the linen room, the store room, and the only kitchen on the premises. Adjoining the church is (22,) the dwelling for two families of girls, and to the right (20,) the Wash House, (Wascherei,) and Drying House, (21.)

Passing to the left from the church, and its associated buildings, we pass on the right (18, 17,) the House of Industry, (Arbeithaus,) with workshops for carpentering, shoemaking, slipper manufactoring, tailoring, weaving, &c., with apartments (15,) called the Shepherd's Cot, (Hirtenhütte.) for a family of boys, and a circle of brothers. Beyond and back, screened by the trees, are (14,) the barn and stables; and on the left (13,) is the bakery, (12,) and residence of the farmer.

In the northwest corner, fronting on a beautiful lawn, and with a back ground of oaks, (8, 9, 10,) the Institute of the Brothers of the Inner Mission, with chambers, school-rooms and library, for the teachers and brothers, hospital and bathing accommodations for the whole establishment, and the book-store, and counting-room.

Beyond the lawn (6,) stands (5,) the Mother House, (Mütterhaus,) the private residence of the family of the Superintendent.

II. REFORMATORY EDUCATION.

RAUHE HAUS, NEAR HAMBURGH.

To the full account we have given in another place* of the Rauhe Haus [Rough-House] or "Institution of Rescue," established and conducted by T. H. Wichern, at Horn, near Hamburgh, we add extracts from the Annual Reports and published journals of that eminently successful philanthropist, as we find them in Miss Carpenter's Reformatory Schools. His experience will be most valuable to all who are desirous of conducting similar institutions; it will encourage them under failures, warn them against unreasonable expectations, and at the same time prove to them that in due time we shall reap if we faint not.

"On the 8th of October, 1832, on a Monday, at the house of the schoolmaster, Mr. B., where the members of the male Visiting Society had assembled, the question was raised: If the kingdom of Christ is again to be firmly established in our city, it is necessary, among other things, to found a house for the sole object of rescuing the children from sin and disbelief!'

"The assembly consisted almost entirely of men limited in means, and unaccustomed to conduct public undertakings. The next meeting was appointed for November. "In the meantime it occurred, that as a member of our society, was one day sitting at his desk, engaged in his business, a man nearly unknown to him, and wholly unacquainted with our plan, came up to him, with 300 dollars in his hand, and said, 'This shall be yours for the benefit of the poor; but I wish that, if possible, this sum should be expended in a religious institution, and in preference upon a newly founded one.' This happened on the 25th of October.

"It now became necessary, before our November meeting, publicly to acknowledge the receipt of this sum. We were obliged to seek some man of sufficient importance and influence, who might give assurance for its fitting employment. With one voice we proposed Mr. S. H., who acceded to our request, and publicly acknowledged, with us, the receipt of the money, and for the first time the name, House of Rescue,' was publicly announced; a riddle to all.

"Nor was this all, A. W. Gehren, of our city, had for some years back been moved to leave by will considerable sums for religious purposes, for example, the erection of a church, the endowment of a ship-preacher, the foundation of a religious lendinglibrary, and lastly a sum of some thousands for a House of Rescue; and Mr. S. H. was appointed executor. He therefore, on joining us, offered us 17,500 dollars for our object. We thus hoped, in the following year, to hire a house and receive some

children.

"In January, 1833, several of our friends resolved to issue a popular periodical for the benefit of the House. On the first Saturday in January, when we issued the first number, a female friend, long maternally inclined toward us, was moved to present 100 dollars for the proposed house; and in the following weeks we learned that some maid-servants had joined together to contribute their mite. A poor shoemaker's workman brought to me the whole of his little savings. Many similar gifts followed. "By July, 1833, after many difficulties and anxieties, we found ourselves in secure possession of the Rauhe Haus.' It was the property of Mr. S. H., and was just at this period most unexpectedly vacated by the previous tenants. Under its thatched roof, were several apartments; by it ran a deep brook, shadowed by the finest chestnut tree in the neighborhood; beside it lay a large garden, with a fish pond. On September 12th, we ventured to call a larger assembly of friends together; when more than a hundred joined hearts and hands, and we might consider the House of Rescue founded, On the 1st of November, I and my mother entered on the occupation of it, and immediately received the three first boys."

We learn from M. Wichern's speech at the public meeting held in Hamburgh, for the foundation of an "Institution of Rescue," September 12th, 1833, two facts of great significance, which, he says, "attest among many others, that here, also, we need some such institution. First, a distinct prison-school for juvenile criminals has, within

Barnard's National Education in Europe, p. 48.

the last five years, been found necessary in Hamburgh. This institution, opened with 19 children, has, up to this time received more than 200; and many have been refused for want of room. It now contains more than 150. Secondly, no one interested in such matters can deny the increasing depravation of a certain class of our population. How largely the juvenile poor have participated in this general demoralization, is evidenced by the fact, that a special Penal School has been obliged to be appended to the poor school."

We find thus existing in Hamburgh, at the very time when M. Wichern enforced the necessity of this "House of Rescue," a public pauper school, which however, was so unsuccessful in its training of the children committed to its care, as to require the addition of a special" penal school; " and a "prison school," in which were at that time 50 children, no inconsiderable number for one town. Why did these not answer the desired object, the prevention and correction of juvenile crime? And why was their very existence regarded as a proof of the necessity of the establishment of another kind of institution? The reason will be obvious to those who have become acquainted with the real condition of delinquent children. A public pauper school, as such, will never raise above pauperism and vice; it can only do so when elements are thrown into it which can be supplied only by voluntary effort; no "prison school" can ever enlist the child in the work of its own reformation, and without this is next to hopeless. M. Wichern felt, then that a new principle was to be developed; that was to be the restoration of the child to a healthy moral condition, by placing him as far as possible, in the position in which the Heavenly Father would have him placed, a well-ordered family, where his best faculties and dispositions should be developed, and where he should be prepared to be a useful self-supporting member of society.

This institution was not to send forth branded convicts, but moral patients, restored to health, and who henceforth should mingle unmarked with those around them. The appropriated designation, "House of Rescue," was therefore dropped, and the new institution took its name from that belonging to the old rough cottage first employed, the "Rauhe Haus." "I particularly recommend," says M. Wichern," the founders of similar institutions to select some indefinite name, such as Rauhe Haus, the name by which the building had previously been known. Orphan,' vagabond,' &c., are not desirable or appropriate appellations." The child is, on admission, at once made to understand that he is now to begin a new life; his former sins will not be remembered against him; there is to be no punishment inflicted on him for former transgressions; he comes as a returning prodigal to a father's house. "A full forgiveness of all past is announced to them immediately upon crossing the threshold of the Rauhe Haus." The introduction of a number of new scholars at once into the school at times proved so injurious to the discipline of the whole, that M. Wichern regrets that they had not a separate probationary department, which would probably in many cases be a desirable addition to such a school, for he remarks, "every one does not submit at once to discipline. But those longer established, generally make common cause with the masters, and are the most influential means of reconciling the new comers' The children are received at the request of the magistrates, not sent as a punishment,—at the desire of the parents, or on the application of the children themselves; but in no case are they retained without the permission of the parents. When the character of the school was established by ten years trial, even respectable parents were glad to obtain admission for unruly children. From May 13th, 1843, to May 13th, 1844," says the report, "73 cases have been announced to us, nearly all suitable. In a great number of these cases, the children were brought to us by excellent parents, entreating their admission, and as much from the better as from the lower classes." A list is given of these parents; in all cases the children had been unruly and more or less vicious; some were described by the parents" as good in general, except an inveterate habit of lying, stealing, and the like;" in various instances as perfectly brutal, some almost demon-like, both boys and girls. Very few of them had come under the notice of the police.

In order to carry out as much as possible the family system, the children are divided into groups of twelve, each independent of the rest in special training and instruction,