gress among the people; and the spirit which he had
awakened by his preaching and writings continued to live
and spread after his death, and no doubt materially contri-
buted to prepare the way for the overthrow of the old reli-
gion, which was effected a hundred and fifty years later.
In the preceding year (1381), after the suppression of
Tyler's rebellion, the offence of treason was extended to the
act of beginning a riot, rout, or rumour, by the 5 Ric. II.,
st. i., c. 7; but this severe enactment was repealed in the
reign of Edward VI. This is one of the antient statutes
constituting the offence called Scandalum Magnatum. To
the reign of Richard II. have been assigned the complete
establishment of the court of the high admiral, and the en-
largement of the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery by
the first issuing of writs of subpoena. [EQUITY; PLEAD-
ING IN EQUITY; SUBPOENA, WRIT OF.] Finally, the right
of impeachment and prosecution by the Commons in parlia-
ment, which had been first asserted in the latter years of
Edward III., was finally established in this reign by the im-
peachment of the earl of Suffolk, the late chancellor, in
Richard II. had no issue by either of his wives (his
second indeed was only a child of ten years of age at the
time of his death); nor are any natural children assigned
to him by the genealogists. Queen Isabel returned to
France in 1401, and became the wife of her cousin Charles,
duke of Orleans, after bearing a daughter to whom, she
died, at the age of twenty, in 1409.

1386.

had only recently returned from this expedition, and was still in command of his army on the borders, when the death of his brother took place, in the beginning of April, 1483.

On the receipt of this intelligence, Richard immediately prepared to set out for London, stopping however on his way at York, where he summoned the gentlemen of the county to swear allegiance to Edward V., taking the oath first himself. At Northampton he was met on the 29th of April by the duke of Buckingham, and it is believed that the measures, probably in part arranged previously by letter, were then finally concerted, by which Richard should be elevated to the throne. On the next day Edward's uncle, Earl Rivers, and his half brother, Lord Grey, who were at Stony Stratford with the king, were both arrested by Gloucester's orders; and possession was also taken of the royal person. From his arrival in London to the disappearance of the young king and his brother towards the end of June [EDWARD V.], Gloucester, who now called himself Lord Protector, kept his residence at Crosby Place in the City, where he held frequent conferences with his confidants. On the 13th of June, Lord Hastings was arrested by his orders in the council-room at the Tower, and immediately led to execution; and two days after, the Lord Grey, Sir Thomas Vaughan, and Sir Richard Hawes underwent the same fate before the gate of Pontefract Castle. The public were informed by proclamation that these persons had been put to death as having, with the queen and her adherents, intended to murder and destroy the Protector and his cousin the duke of Buckingham, and the old royal blood of the realm.' Lord Stanley, the archbishop of York, and the bishop of Ely were also arrested.

The transactions of this reign must be principally sought from public documents. Of the contemporary historical accounts the principal are, besides the graphic narrative of military transactions by Froissart, a work by a monk of Evesham, published by Hearne, in 1729; Knyghton's 'History of On Sunday the 22nd of June, Dr. Shaw preached his famous the Deposition of Richard II.,' in Twysden's 'Decem Scrip- sermon at Paul's Cross, in which he denounced both the tores;' and an alliterative poem in English on the deposition, present and the late king as bastards; and on the Tuesday and another, in Latin, by Richard Maydiston, a Carmelite following the duke of Buckingham harangued the citizens friar, entitled 'De Concordia inter Ric. II. et Civitatem Lon- to the same effect from the hustings in Guildhall. The don.,' lately published together by the Camden Society. There next day, Buckingham, accompanied by other lords, by is also in the Harleian Library (MS. 1319) a very curious his- Shaw the lord mayor (brother of the preacher), and by a tory of the close of the reign, embracing both the deposition number of other citizens, proceeded to Baynard's Castle, the and the preceding expedition to Ireland, written in French residence of the duchess of York, where Richard then was, verse by a person who professes to have belonged to the and in a long address offered him the crown and royal dig. king's suite, and adorned with many illuminations of re-nity in the name of the three estates of the land. Richard, markable beauty and delicacy of execution. This interest-after some affected hesitation, replied that he felt it to be ing composition has been printed in the twentieth volume of the Archæologia,' with a translation and ample annotations by the Rev. J. Webb, and with engravings of all the drawings.

his duty to obey the voice of his people, and that he would from that day take upon himself the royal estate of the two noble realms of England and France. On the following day, the 26th, he proceeded to Westminster Hall, and there formally declared himself king. The commencement of his reign is counted from that day, though he was not crowned till the 6th of July

RICHARD III., king of England, was the youngest son of Richard, duke of York, whose descent is given in the article on EDWARD IV. Richard was born 2nd October, 1452, at Fotheringay Castle in Northamptonshire. On the Whether it was the fear inspired by the known determidefeat and death of the duke of York at Wakefield Green, nation and unscrupulousness of Richard's character, and 31st December, 1460, where the duke's second surviving the executions at London and Pontefract, that operated upon son Edmund, styled earl of Rutland, was also killed, Richard the public mind, or that any considerable part of the nation and his elder brother George, afterwards duke of Clarence, really preferred his claims to those of his nephew and the were sent by their mother to Utrecht, where they remained rest of his late brother's children, it must be admitted that under the protection of Philip, duke of Burgundy, till the his accession, so far from having been opposed in the first crown of England was acquired (about two months after) instance from any quarter, appears to have been everyby their eldest brother Edward. Soon after this event where hailed with all the evidences of popular approbation Richard was created duke of Gloucester, made a knight of and rejoicing. Part of this favour, if it was not a mere the Garter, and appointed to the office of lord high ad- show, he may have owed to the clemency and condescenmiral, though as yet only in his tenth year. In 1469 he was sion which he affected as soon as he found himself fairly made one of the wardens of the Scottish marches: in 1470 seated on the throne, and to the expectations of a mild or he fled with the king, his brother, to Flanders on the sudden lax government which the very doubtfulness of his title restoration of Henry VI. by the earl of Warwick: in 1471 would excite. But the story, in truth, has been so imperhe commanded the foreward of his brother's army at the fectly transmitted to us, that it is difficult to weave any conbattle of Barnet; and he also assisted in gaining for Ed-sistent or satisfactory theory out of the unconnected details ward his next and crowning victory of Tewksbury. He that have been preserved. All we know is, that Richard, and his brother Clarence are asserted to have been the ac- having immediately after his coronation set out with his tual murderers of Henry's son Prince Edward, after the queen on a tour through the northern parts of the kingdom, battle. [EDWARD IV.] To Gloucester also was popularly and having been everywhere received with apparently the ascribed at the time the murder of Henry himself in the most cordial gratulations by all classes, was suddenly surTower a few weeks after. [HENRY VI.] The following prised, while sojourning at York, by intelligence of a formidayear the Lady Anne_Nevil, daughter of the earl of War- ble confederacy which had been formed against him by the wick, and widow of Prince Edward, was prevailed upon to friends of his two nephews in the southern and southgive him her hand. western counties, with his own chief adviser the duke of Buckingham at its head. It appears that a rising would have taken place immediately throughout Kent, Essex, Sussex, Berkshire, Hampshire, Wiltshire, and Devonshire, had it not been prevented for the moment by its being ascertained that the two royal children were dead. This intelligence however only changed the plan of the conspira

In 1478 Gloucester took a foremost part in the attainder and destruction of his. brother Clarence, whose removal placed him next after the king's issue in the order of succession to the throne. In 1482 he commanded an expedition against Scotland, in the course of which he took the town of Berwick and penetrated as far as Edinburgh. He

tors. By the advice of the bishop of Ely, the crown was offered to Henry, earl of Richmond, on condition that he should marry Edward IV.'s daughter the Princess Elizabeth; and as soon as his acceptance of the proposal was received from beyond seas, his partizans called their followers to arms on the same day, the 18th of October, in all the parts of the country where they had influence. But this insurrection was quelled almost as soon as it broke out. Richmond, after having reached the coast of Devon, did not venture to disembark; Buckingham was deserted by a force of Welshmen that he had raised at Brecon, and, falling into the king's hands, had his head immediately struck off in the marketplace of Salisbury; of his associates the most fortunate escaped beyond seas; and by the end of the month not an enemy of Richard's remained in arms in England.

same month the result of the battle of Bosworth deprived Richard at once of his crown and his life. [HENRY VII.; BosWORTH.]

Richard left at least one natural son, known by the name of John of Gloucester, who, although yet a minor at his father's death, had been already appointed governor of Calais. There is also a romantic story told of a Richard Plantagenet, who died in the parish of Eastwell in Kent, in 1550, an old man of eighty-two, after a life spent as a working bricklayer, and who asserted that he was present at Bosworth Field, where Richard informed him he was his son; but this legend rests on the slightest authority. A natural daughter, named Katherine, is assigned to Richard, who was to have been married to the earl of Huntingdon, but who died in 1484, before she had reached the age agreed upon. The duchess of York, the mother of Edward IV. and Richard III., we may here notice, survived all these events, not dying till 1495.

Both the character of Richard III. and many of the events of his reign have been subjects of dispute among modern writers, some of whom have gone the length of attempting to make out that all the crimes imputed to him are the mere fabrications of his enemies. Much to this effect that Horace Walpole has advanced in his famous Historic Doubts,' had been anticipated by Sir George Buck, in his Life and Reign of Richard III.,' published so long ago as the middle of the seventeenth century. Buck's work however also contains a considerable quantity of matter not elsewhere preserved, at least in a printed form. The chief original historian of this reign is Sir Thomas More, in his unfinished tract, entitled A History of the Pitiful Life and Unfortunate Death of Edward V. and the Duke of York his brother; with the Troublesome and Tyrannical Government of the Usurpation of Richard III., and his miserable End.' There are the Latin annalists, John Rouss, or Rosse, and the continuator of the History of Croyland.

A parliament was now summoned, which, having met on the 23rd of January, 1484, immediately passed an Act declaring Richard to be undoubted king of the realm of England as well by right of consanguinity and inheritance, as by lawful election, consecration, and coronation,' and bastardizing the issue of the late king Edward IV. by Elizabeth Rivers, whom it designated as the late wife of Sir John Gray, and denied to have any rightful title to the dignity of queen-dowager. This Act is known by the name of the Titulus Regius, and is the earliest of what are called the Private Acts, none of which are given in any of the printed collections of the statutes. The Titulus Regius however has been printed by Sir Robert Cotton, in his 'Abridgment of the Rolls of Parliament.' This Act was followed by others (also classed as private Acts), attainting and confiscating the property of all the principal persons engaged in the late revolt. But various Acts of public utility were also passed by this parliament; among others, one authorising every justice of the peace to admit a prisoner to bail, and directing that no officer should seize the goods of a prisoner till after his conviction; one regulating the impannelling of juries; one declaring and amending the law respecting the levying of fines; and several relating to RICHARD PLANTAGENET, Earl of Cornwall, and commercial affairs, which, if they were not in all points titular King of the Romans and Emperor of Germany, was grounded on the most enlightened principles, were at least the second son of John, king of England, and was born in accordance with the opinions of the time, and must be January 5, 1208. He was created earl of Cornwall by his regarded as evidences of a considerable interest taken by brother Henry III. in 1226; and he figures as one of the this parliament in the economical welfare of the country. leading personages throughout that turbulent and distracted Soon after this however Richard deemed it expedient to reign, showing generally much moderation and good sense adopt a new policy. The queen dowager, whom the parlia- in his endeavours to assuage the stormy contentions between ment had just declared to have been only the late king's the king and the barons, with whom he occasionally sided mistress, he now, in alarm at the projected alliance between against the more outrageous excesses of the royal authority, her eldest daughter and the earl of Richmond, affected to although, as might be expected, without any participation court as his near and honoured kinswoman; he proposed in the design of abridging the antient prerogatives of the marrying the princess Elizabeth to his own son Edward; crown, and not without a natural regard in other respects and when that prince died (in April, 1484), and his queen, to the interests created by his position. Although he Anne, who had borne him no other children, soon after sud- showed some military talent on more than one occasion, his denly fell sick, he offered to marry Elizabeth himself. And abilities on the whole seem to have been, like his politics, strange as it appears, both mother and daughter went moderate, and of a middle character; he had no pretensions eagerly into this scheme; the princess in particular showed to a brilliant or commanding intellect, but he was at least the utmost impatience for the marriage with her uncle, pro- as far removed from the weak-mindedness of the king his testing that he was her joy and maker in this world, and brother, generally evincing in his public conduct at least' that she was his in heart and thought,' and fretfully express-good sense and discretion, as well as a calm and conciliatory ing her fears that queen Anne would never die.' And at this time she was living as a companion with the poor sick queen! But when Anne at last did die (on the 16th of March, 1485), not without suspicion of poison, his two confidants, Radcliffe and Catesby, succeeded in dissuading Richard from venturing upon this incestuous marriage, which they assured him would excite the popular indignation from one end of the kingdom to the other; and he then took great pains to proclaim that nothing of the kind had ever been contemplated.

He had the preceding year disembarrassed himself of one considerable source of annoyance and distraction by concluding a peace with Scotland for three years; and affiancing his niece, the lady Anne de la Pole, daughter of his sister the duchess of Suffolk, to James III.'s eldest son, the duke of Rothsay, afterwards James IV. (a transaction however which did not issue in an actual marriage). But at home the aspect of things was now becoming more unsatisfactory every hour. He durst not venture in the state of the public mind to call a parliament, and he found himself at once without money and nearly without an adherent upon whose fidelity he could depend. One after another the most eminent of those who had hitherto stood by him fled to France to join the earl of Richmond. At last, on the 7th of August, Henry landed at Milford Haven; and on the 21st of the

temper. It was a consequence of this moral and intellectual constitution however that, if he had no great vices, he should also be without great virtues; and that the reigning principle of his character should be a cold selfishness, which, though it might shrink from any course of violent aggression upon the rights of others, would yet be active in seeking all safe advantages; and, in that pursuit, would be in danger of sometimes tripping or overreaching itself, notwithstanding all its clear-sightedness and habitual caution. Richard, moreover, if he had no lofty or daring ambition, seems to have had a considerable share of vanity, which also would be apt to assist in betraying him in certain circumstances. If we take these considerations along with us, it will be easy to understand his career. After having first joined the barons who attempted to check the royal despotism, and afterwards more than once interposed successfully as a mediator between them and the king, we find him entirely separating himself from their latter and more decided proceedings; and, in the final struggle with De Montfort and his associates, which put in jeopardy even the possession of the crown by his family, resisting the insur gents as keenly as Prince Edward himself. The most remarkable incident however in Richard's history is his election as King of the Romans in 1256. This honour he is believed to have owed entirely to his great wealth, which

literary men of his time. Petrarch, with whom he conversed, calls him a man of an ardent and enthusiastic turn. He bears an excellent character generally; his wealth was freely bestowed upon the deserving but needy scholar, and he was equally munificent in distributing alms to the poor. His book evinces a benevolent disposition, though we must except against his refusing the use of books to the laity, but his precautions against the abuse of them are worthy of all commendation. He died at Aukland, on the 14th of April, 1345, aged fifty eight, and was buried with due honours in the southern angle of the cathedral of Durham.

RICHA'RDIA, the name of a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Araceae, of which only one species is known, the R. Ethiopica. It was introduced into this country from the Cape, under the name of Calla Ethiopica, in 1731. It is also found wild at St. Helena. It is one of the most beautiful of Aroideous plants. Its large spathe is pure white, surrounding a spadix which is coloured deeply yellow by its antheriferous flowers. Richardia is a hardy plant, bearing well our mildest winters, and growing in great vigour and beauty in the ordinary apartments of a house. It may be made to blossom all the year round. RICHARDSON, JONATHAN, a portrait painter, was born about the year 1665. His father dying when he was only five years old, his mother's second husband articled him to a scrivener; but as his master died in the sixth year of his clerkship, he followed the bent of his inclination, and at the age of twenty became a pupil of John Riley. After leaving this instructor, with whom he studied four the practice of portrait-painting, in which, even during the lives of Kneller and Dahl, he obtained great employment, and upon their decease he was considered as the head of his profession in England. The profits of his business enabled him to retire from practice many years before his death, which happened suddenly at his house in Queen-square, Westminster, on the 28th of May, 1745. Hudson, the preceptor of Sir Joshua Reynolds, was his pupil and son-inlaw. As an artist, Richardson was one of the best painters of a head that this country had at that time produced, but there his merit ended. He had strength, roundness, and boldness in his colouring; but his attitudes, draperies, and backgrounds are insipid and unmeaning, and the disposttion of his subjects shows that he was wholly devoid of imagination. There are a few etchings of portraits by his hand, among which are his own, prefixed to his work on Criticism; John Milton; Alexander Pope, two plates, one of them a profile; and Dr. Mead.

RICHARD OF CIRENCESTER, or Ricardus Corinensis (sometimes called the Monk of Westminster), a monkish historian of the fourteenth century, so named from his being a native of Cirencester in Gloucestershire. No traces of his family or connections have been discovered, nor has the exact time of his birth been ascertained, although the superior education which he received has led to the supposition that his family was of the higher ranks. He en-years, and whose niece he married, Richardson commenced tered the Benedictine monastery of St. Peter, Westminster, in 1350: his name occurs in various documents in 1387, 1397, 1399, and he is registered in one of the chamberlain's lists preserved among the abbey records, by the name of Circestre. He composed several elaborate works on Saxon and British history, and to increase his knowledge he visited most of the libraries in this country for reference to original manuscripts. He obtained a licence to visit Rome from his abbot in 1391, the original of which is still in existence. It is supposed that he undertook this journey between 1391 and 1397, for he appears to have been confined in the abbey infirmary in 1401, and to have died in that or the following year. His work entitled 'Historia ab Hengista ad ann. 1348,' is in two parts. The first part is from the arrival of the Saxons to the death of Harold. His theological works were, Tractatus super Symbolum Majus et Minus,' and Liber de Officiis Ecclesiasticis.' But he is chiefly known from his celebrated treatise entitled 'De Situ Britanniæ,' which lay hid in manuscript till 1747, when it was first discovered by Charles Julius Bertram, professor of the English language at the Royal Marine Academy at Copenhagen, who sent a transcript of the whole to Dr. Stukeley, with a copy of the MS. In 1757 Dr. Stukeley published an analysis of the work, with the 'Itinerary;' and other particulars may be seen in the second volume of Dr. Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum,' and in Whitaker's Manchester.' In the same year the original was published at Copenhagen by Professor Bertram, with the remains of Gildas and Nennius, under the title Britannicarum Gentium Historia Antiquæ scriptores tres Ricardus Corinensis, Gildas Badonicus, Nennius Banchorensis,' &c., 8vo., but this work became scarce. In 1809 an edition was published in London, entitled The Description of Britain, translated from Ricardus of Cirencester, with the original treatise De Situ Britanniæ,' with the map and a fac-simile of the manuscript, as well as a commentary on the Itinerary. The discovery of this treatise may be regarded as an era in the study of British and RomanBritish antiquities. The Itinerary contains eighteen journeys which Richard says he compiled from certain frag. ments written by a Roman general and from Ptolemy and other authors; he mentions a hundred and seventy-six stations (while Antoninus has only 113), some of them a considerable distance north of the wall of Severus, besides which there are numerous chasms which show that many names have been lost or obliterated. The credit and fidelity of Richard have been attacked, but with little success; for wherever the subject has admitted of local investigation, the result has added to the estimation of his authenticity. Gibbon says of him that he shows a genuine knowledge of antiquity very extraordinary for a monk of the fourteenth century. He is frequently quoted by his Latin name Ric. Corin., i.e. Ricardus Corinensis.

It is however as a writer on art that the fame of Richardson must depend. In 1719 he published two discourses, entitled An Essay on the whole Art of Criticism as it relates to Painting, and an Argument in behalf of the Science of a Connoisseur,' in one volume, octavo. This work contains the rules of painting and of pictorial criticism laid down with judgment and precision, and expressed in language both forcible and just. It is truly observed of the above essay by a writer in the Pictorial History of Eng land,' vol. iv., p. 733, that it should be in the hands of every one who seeks for knowledge of sound principles, and would learn to appreciate the divine excellences of Raffaelle.' In it he makes many admirable remarks upon the various styles of this exquisite painter: his Perugino, his Florentine, and his Roman manner. He also refers with pride to our national treasures at Hampton Court, the Cartoons of Raffaello, and pronounces as to them and the Transfiguration, that as they were the last, so they are the best productions of his hand. The Essay and the Argument with The Theory of Painting,' by Richardson, were pub lished together in an octavo volume by his son in 1773, This latter composition also contains an able criticism on the style of Raffaello, acute observations on the Cartoons, and some valuable notices of the paintings by him in the Vatican. In 1722, in conjunction with his son, he pub lished 'An Account of some of the Statues, Bas-Reliefs, Drawings, and Pictures in Italy, &c., with Remarks by Mr. Richardson, sen, and jun.;' and in 1734 they published together Explanatory Notes and Remarks on Milton's Paradise Lost, with a Life of the Author, and a Discourse on the Poem.' In 1776 the son published a volume of poems by his father, but they possess very little literary merit. (Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, by Dallaway, iv., 23-29; Bryan's Dictionary.)

END OF VOLUME THE NINETEENTH.

London: Printed by W. CLOWES and Sons, Stamford-street.