1. I have been in all the rooms of that white house. 2. She has visited the whole house every week. 3. Her uncle and aunt have not been at church to-day. 4. All of their friends are dead. 5. Is the whole grammar useful? 6. We have seen the same man as you. 7. When did she write to her mother?

8. Did she write a letter

9. She wrote every Friday.

14. John

every day or every week? 10. Give me the same books but the other pens. 11. Everybody is here. 12. Where are the other pupils ? 13. He has prepared all of his lessons at home. has left one of his books at home every day. 15. All of Mary's dresses are pretty; they are prettier than her sister's. 16. Bring us another umbrella [two meanings].

28

VERBS.

French verbs may be divided into four conjugations, distinguished from each other by the termination of the infinitive. The 1st ends in -er, the 2d in -ir, the 3d in -oir, the 4th in -re.

In English, the present participle ends in -ing; in French, it ends in -ant. It is frequently used in English with the verb to be, but it is never so used in French. Instead of saying I am speaking, we must in French say I speak; instead of I was speaking, I spoke; instead of I shall be speaking, I shall speak.

First Conjugation.

In the first conjugation, which contains the great majority of French verbs, the infinitive ends in -er, and the past participle in -é.

porter, to carry; portant, carrying; porté, carried.

1 In questions, when the 1st person singular ends in e mute, an acute accent is placed on it for the sake of the sound: donné-je, do I give? Any statement preceded by est-ce que (is it that?) becomes a question: Il a reçu une lettre, he has received a letter. Est-ce qu'il a reçu une lettre? Has he received a letter? The latter construction should be used for the interrogative form of the 1st person singular, as forms like donné-je, parléje, etc., are found only in exalted style and in poetry.

2 See Lesson 3, (2).

The imperative of any regular verb is formed from the present indicative. In the 1st conjugation, -s of the second person singular is dropped.

SINGULAR.

porte, carry.

PLURAL.

portons, let us carry.

portez, carry.

2. Aimez

1. Je cherche mes crayons; ils sont perdus. vous les fleurs ? 3. Est-ce que tout le monde aime les jardins? 4. Ne cachez pas les cahiers de mes élèves, mon ami. 5. Travaillez chez vous. 6. Ne parlez pas toujours. 7. Nous sommes allés chez elle, mais elle était (was) sortie avec vous. 8. Cette femme est riche, mais elle travaille une heure dans son jardin tous les jours. 9. Je trouve que votre frère est très sage; travaille bien. 10. Fermons ces fenêtres. 11. Nous ne fermons pas les portes. 12. Vous cachez toujours mes 13. Qui cache les miennes ? 14. Demeurez-vous près d'ici ? 15. Qui pleure? 16. Ne trouvez-vous pas ces enfants sages? 17. Oui, ils sont toujours sages. 18. Ne pleure pas, mon petit ami.

plumes; où sont-elles?

il

1 Notice this meaning of trouver: Comment trouvez-vous mon chapeau? How do you like my hat? or What do you think of my hat? Distinguish from aimer and penser.

For Oral Drill. -1. He is visiting; he is visited. 2. She is not visiting; she is not visited. 3. He has visited; he has not visited. 4. She does visit; she does not visit. 5. Does he visit? 6. Does he not visit? 8. We do visit; we do not

7. We visit; we are visiting.

visit.

9. We are visited; we are not visited.

1. Where do you live? 2. Where do we live? 3. Do they live near the school? 4. Are you looking for your

6. Are all the

7. Do you not consider 8. Am I speaking of you

pen or pencil? 5. Are you working? pupils of this class working? these sentences very easy? or of her? 9. Are you speaking of him or of me? 10. Who is talking? 11. Where did you leave your books? 12. Who has hidden mine? 13. Does she leave hers at home? 14. Have you brought all of yours? 15. Does a boy wear or take off his hat in the house? 17. He is speaking of your friends and mine. 18. We close all the doors and windows every evening. 19. I do not close mine. 20. Close that window near the door and this one too.

16. Do not1 cry, my child.

29

Personal Pronouns used as Direct Objects.

Personal pronouns used as objects always precede the verb, except in an affirmative command.

1 Use second singular in addressing a child. See French sentence 18 of this lesson.

Me, te, le, la, standing before a verb, become m', t', before a vowel or h mute.

M'a-t-il vu, has he seen me?

Où sont-ils ? Les voilà. Where are they? There they are.
Me voici, here I am.

Donnez-le à votre père, give it to your father.

But Ne le donnez pas à votre père, do not give it to your father.

Notice that a pronoun, whether subject or object, placed after a verb is connected with it by a hyphen.

accepter, to accept.

apporter, to bring.

jouer, to play.

compter, to count.

entrer (dans), to enter, to go or come in.

louer, to praise.

une excuse, an excuse.

le plaisir, the pleasure.

avec plaisir, with pleasure.

s'il vous plaît, if you please, please.

gronder, to scold.

regarder, to look at.

remarquer, to notice.

rester, to stay, to remain.

tomber, to fall.

blâmer, to blame.

préparer, to prepare, to get

ready beforehand. quelquefois, sometimes. maintenant, now.

2. Je l'accepte

1. Acceptez-vous ce joli cadeau ? maintenant avec plaisir. 3. Je ne vous ai pas vu ce matin. 4. Votre cousin est arrivé, mais je ne l'ai pas vu. 5. Il a perdu sa grammaire; il la cherche maintenant. 6. Avez-vous pris mes livres ? 7. Oui, monsieur, je les ai pris et je les ai mis sur cette petite table qui est près de la fenêtre. 8. Les voici. 9. Otez-les. 10. Vous travaillez quelquefois, n'est-ce 11. Voilà votre habit noir; le cherchez-vous? 12. Aimez-vous les livres ? 13. Je les aime bien. 14. Ne les aimez-vous pas ? 15. Mon père apporte un joli cadeau à ma sœur Marie. 16. Est-ce que votre mère vous blâme? 17. Elle ne me blâme pas, mais elle vous blâme.

pas ?

(A) 1. Here is a book; I bought it for you. 2. When he is naughty, I scold him. 3. Is n't he always good?