tel fils; tous les hommes sont mortels; c'est tout; nous sommes tous1 ici; tous les deux (tous deux); l'un et l'autre ; autres temps, autres mœurs (customs); il y en a d'autres; vous autres soldats (you soldiers), Tout, quite, wholly. Tout used as an adverb varies for the sake of euphony before a feminine, adjective beginning with a consonant or an h aspirate. Elle est toute surprise, she is quite surprised. Elles sont toutes honteuses, they are greatly ashamed. But: Elle est tout aimable, she is very agreeable. Tout poli qu'il est, however polite he is. Observe indicative. Soi (rarely used), one's self, himself. Soi, the disjunctive form of se, generally refers to on, chacun, personne, etc., and is used only with a preposition. Chacun pour soi, every man for himself. On est heureux lorsqu'on est content de soi. doute? Aucun. 3. Chaque élève 1. Avez-vous encore le moindre 2. Tout élève aime un maître aimable. de cette classe l'admire. 4. Chacun a sa manière de voir. 5. On ne doit pas se moquer d'autrui. 6. D'autres prendraient cela d'une autre façon. 7. Il n'y a personne qui n'en soit fâché. 8. Il n'y a pas une personne qui n'en soit fâchée. 9. Nous sommes tous à vous. 10. Nous sommes tout à vous. 11. Ecoutez! qu'on me laisse tout seul! 12. Ces messieurs sont tout prêts. 13. Le crime traîne après soi des remords. 14. La valeur, tout héroïque qu'elle est, ne suffit pas pour faire 1 s pronounced when tous is a pronoun. des héros. 15. Toute ville a ses coutumes. 16. Toutes les villes de la France ont quelque chose d'intéressant. 17. Toute confiance est dangereuse, si elle n'est pas entière. 18. Pouvez-vous traverser la chambre sans rien regarder? 19. Lisez avec beaucoup de soin les quelques pages qui suivent. 20. Qui que ce soit qui vous l'ait dit, il s'est trompé. 21. On ne fait pas toujours ce qu'on doit faire. (A) 1. He has been waiting here a long time for some one. 2. We Americans are never content with what we possess. 3. Give me any (a) book whatever. 4. Do you think she is quite happy? 5. A certain man was speaking to me about various things, and he asked me what I have just asked you. 6. No man is perfect. 7. What were you looking for in the kitchen? 8. I was looking for something to eat. 9. Something good, I suppose. 10. Such is the kindness of this gentleman, that we no longer need anything. 11. Whoever [see page 205] you may be and whatever you may do, your duty is to obey the law (loi, f.). 12. Whatever your intentions [f.] may be, you must not forget the rights of others. 13. Has he no fault? 14. Both are guilty. 15. Every man is mortal. 16. Did you ever see such a man? 17. Every friend that he used to have has forgotten him. 18. I know nobody more agreeable than his wife. 19. We have heard that said many a time, but we do not believe it. 20. His brothers are quite happy. 21. His sisters are quite sad. (B) 1. Whom have you met to-day? 2. What are you going to do now? 3. What are you thinking of? 4. Did I ask you of whom or of what you are thinking? 5. Has any one found a key? 6. I thank you for 12. Who is the 13. Is he returning it to me; did you find it yourself? 7. The woman whose son died yesterday is very poor, is she not? 8. Is n't the one whose sons are living, poorer still? 9. Who is it that you are working for? 10. What do you write with ? 11. Do you wish me to give you what I have in my pocket? boy I saw you speaking to this morning? the one you were telling me about yesterday? is this book ? 15. Whose is it? 16. What color is it ? 17. Which of these books are is the best? 19. What is that? 21. Whose friend is that man? people may be, are they always sure of being happy? 23. Who says that? 24. Have you nothing new to tell us? 14. What yours? 18. Which 20. What is a cat? 22. However rich 97 Position of Adjectives. Adjectives generally follow their nouns, especially : (1) Adjectives denoting a physical quality :— shape, color, taste, etc. Une table ronde; une maison blanche; un homme boiteux (lame); une femme malade; de l'eau froide (chaude, fraîche); une orange douce; la tête et les pieds nus (head and feet bare). Note that like demi in demi-heure, half-hour, nu is invariable before the noun: nu-tête, bareheaded; nu-pieds, barefooted. (2) Adjectives denoting nationality, religion, or office. La langue française; un prêtre catholique; un ministre protestant; un décret impérial. (3) Adjectives taken in a literal rather than in a figurative sense. un abîme profond, a deep abyss. un cheval noir, a black horse. une maison chère, an expensive house. une histoire vraie, a true story. un profond silence, a deep silence. un noir soupçon, a dark suspicion. une chère amie, a dear friend. une vraie histoire, a regular yarn. For other adjectives with meanings varying according to position, see page 351. (4) Present or past participles used as adjectives. une personne charmante; un garçon obéissant; une porte fermée; le Paradis perdu; une bataille perdue. (5) In an exclamation and in the expression plus . . plus, the more . . . the more, etc., the adjective stands after the verb. Que le temps est beau, how beautiful the weather is! Plus on est riche, moins on est heureux, the richer a man is, the less happy he is. Observe use of de after que, how many, how much! Que de fois je l'ai vu, how many times 1 have seen him ! ADVERBS. Adjectives used as Adverbs. An adjective used as an adverb is invariable. parler bas (haut), to speak low (loud). chanter juste (faux), to sing in (out of) tune. sentir bon (mauvais), to smell good (bad). viser haut, to aim high. tenir bon, to stand firm. aller droit, to go straight. arrêter court, to stop short. voir clair, to see clearly. Il l'a fait exprès, he did it purposely. Formation from Adjectives. To form an adverb from an adjective, add -ment to the masculine if the adjective ends in a vowel; if it ends in a consonant, add -ment to the feminine. For further rules and exceptions, see Appendix, page 353. Position. When used with an infinitive, mieux, bien, mal, jamais, toujours, pas, plus, and trop generally precede the verb. (See Lesson 58.) mieux écrire, bien parler, mal prononcer, ne jamais se tromper, ne pas rire, ne plus manger, trop courir. Observe that regularly both parts of the negative stand before the infinitive. Personne and que follow. Elle voudrait ne parler à personne, she would like to speak to nobody. Je crois n'en avoir que deux, I think I have only two. Comparison. (6) Adverbs are compared like adjectives (Lesson 44), except that in the superlative le is invariable. souvent; plus souvent; le plus souvent. (7) The adverbs bien, mal, peu, corresponding to bon, mauvais, petit, are irregularly compared: tant mieux (pis) pour moi, so much (all) the better (worse) for me. (8) The before a comparative is not expressed in French. Plus on est riche, plus on a de soucis, the richer a man is, the more cares he has. Plus il travaille, moins il réussit, the more he works, the less he succeeds. |