(B) 1. Is France larger than the United States? he live? 2. Is it larger or smaller than Germany? 3. Which is the smallest country in Europe? 4. Which is the largest? 5. In what country do we live ? 6. Do we live in North or South America? 7. What is the capital of this country? 8. Who is the president now? 9. Where does 10. Who has seen him? 11. Did you ever see a queen? 12. Has England a king or a queen? 13. Tell me the name of the Emperor of Germany. 14. Have the French1 a king or an emperor? 15. Is Chamonix in Switzerland or in France? 16. The French love France, and the English love England; what country do we love? 17. Are princes always happy? 18. Are there princesses who are unhappy? 19. Where is London ? 20. Where is Glasgow ? 21. Have you ever been there? 22. What are the most useful metals ? 23. Which are the most precious? 71 The Definite Article (Continued). (1) The definite article is frequently used instead of the possessive adjective, when there is no possibility of a misunderstanding (Lesson 59). Il a levé les mains, he raised his hands. Elle s'est cassé le doigt, she broke her finger. (2) The definite article is used instead of a possessive adjective in expressions like the following: Elle est debout, le livre à la main, she is standing with the book in her hand. Il est parti, le chapeau sous le bras, he left with his hat under his arm 1 Adjectives of nationality used as proper nouns begin with capitals. (3) It is used for a or an before nouns of weight, measure, or number; but par is used for a or an before time. Le miel coûte quinze sous la livre, honey costs fifteen cents a pound. But Il gagne six francs par jour, he earns six francs per day. Il mérite deux mille francs par an, he deserves two thousand francs a year. (a) A similar use is that with the days of the week to express a regular occurrence. But Le dimanche est le premier jour de la semaine. Que faites-vous le samedi ? Où serez-vous samedi prochain? (4) It is also used with titles, professions, and before a proper noun preceded by an adjective (except in direct address), or after monsieur, madame, or mademoiselle. Le président Carnot a été assassiné en 1894, President Carnot was assassinated in 1894. Bonjour, docteur, good-day, doctor. Bon soir, monsieur le comte, good evening, count. Le petit Henri est malade, little Henry is ill. (5) Likewise, before adjectives used as nouns. Aimez-vous mieux le bleu que le jaune, do you prefer blue to yellow? Sait-il l'italien, does he know Italian? With the verb parler, the article is usually omitted before the unmodified name of a language, and it is always omitted after en. Parle-t-il bien anglais, does he speak English well? Il s'exprime bien en italien, he expresses himself well in Italian. (6) Regularly in the partitive article: du, de la, de l', des 1 (Lesson 38). Voici des livres ; en voulez-vous, here are books, will you have some? Exceptions (de only): (a) In expressions denoting quantity, measure, and material (Lessons 34, 35, 36). Combien de paires de gants, how many pairs of gloves? (b) After negative verbs (Lesson 40). Il n'y a pas d'argent, there is n't any money. (c) Adjective before the noun (Lesson 41). Donnez-nous de meilleur pain, give us better bread. But Avez-vous du pain noir, have you any black bread? (d) After a verb, an adjective, or any expression, followed by de. Se nourrir de noix, to live (feed) on nuts; être fatigué de livres, to be tired of books; avoir besoin d'amis, to need friends. The Indefinite Article. (1) With an unmodified predicate noun, denoting a profession, a trade, or a nationality, un or une is omitted. Son père est médecin; le mien est avocat, his father is a doctor; mine is a lawyer. Elle est Française,2 she is a French woman. Exception: After voici, voilà, c'est, or ce sont. Voici un médecin, here is a doctor. C'est une Allemande, she is (that is) a German woman. 1 In meaning, des is the plural of un and une. Il a un livre; il a des livres. 2 Notice again use of capitals with adjectives of nationality used as proper nouns. 5. Il n'est 6. Il est arrivé à président et sa famille habitent la Maison Blanche. 4. Ce Canadien est-il peintre ou musicien? ni l'un ni l'autre, il est architecte. quatre heures, la canne à la main. 7. Nous avons lu l'histoire de Henri quatre. 8. N'avez-vous ni livre ni papier? 9. Je n'ai ni l'un ni l'autre. 10. Voyez-vous ces messieurs? 11. Ce sont des professeurs anglais qui sont venus visiter les écoles américaines. 12. Ce monsieur-là est Hollandais. 14. Parlez-vous italien? 13. Aimez-vous la musique ? 15. J'ai étudié l'italien il y a longtemps, mais je ne sais pas le parler. l'adresse des Foulquier? 17. C'est 78 16. Quelle est avenue de la Grande Armée, près du Bois de Boulogne. 18. Avezvous jamais vu le prince de Galles (Wales)? 19. Je n'ai jamais vu ni prince ni princesse. 20. Mon père a vu le roi Edouard VII. (A) 1. This American speaks French like a Parisian. 2. Who says so? 3. The Parisians say so. 4. Say it in French. 5. He has also learned Italian, Spanish, and German. 6. I have an American friend who speaks modern Greek well. 7. Does he express himself as well in Greek as in English? 8. She is an Englishwoman. 10. There they are 9. Those are English professors. now. 11. When I saw her, she was sitting near the window with a straw hat on her head. 12. I have a headache. 13. He has toothache and a sore foot. 14. Eggs are sometimes sixty cents a dozen. 15. How much does that (cela) cost? 16. That costs ten cents a pound. 17. That costs dear. 18. We wrote to him three times a week. 19. He has black hair. 20. That carpenter you were speaking of builds a great many houses; he earns thirty dollars a week. 21. This poor French painter earns only nine hundred francs a year. 22. Spanish and Italian are easy, but German is difficult for most Frenchmen. 23. Queen Victoria had the best heart in the world. 24. The wicked are always unhappy. this man like children? (B) 1. Who has a gold watch? 2. Have you anything in your hand? 3. Anything for me? 4. How much do I owe you? 5. Who is hungry? 6. Is any one sleepy? 7. Who needs money? 8. Do you? 9. Does 10. Do I live at your house? 11. Where do I live? 12. Did your brother live in Germany last year? 13. Are you studying German? 14. Have you been taught French? 15. Do you speak English? 16. Do you know Spanish? 17. What is your father's trade? 18. Is he a doctor or a lawyer? 19. Do you like languages? 20. Where is German spoken? 21. Are letters brought to you every day? 22. At what time do you go to bed? 23. Who cuts your hair? 24. What is your address ? 25. Where is little Mary to-day? 26. How much does butter you like cheese? 28. What color do 29. Do you like it better than yellow? are in France next summer, shall you cost? 27. Do 31. Will they answer you in English? |