For Oral Drill. - 1. He will receive; he would receive. 2. If he will sell; if he would sell; if he sold; if he sells; if he were to sell. 3. If he has sold; if he had 5. If we go; if

sold. 4. We shall go; we should go.
6. She has gone; she

we were to go.

had gone; she will have gone; she would have gone. 7. If you see; if you will see; if you saw; if you had seen. 8. I shall do it, if you speak of it; I should do it, if you spoke of it; I should have done it, if you had spoken of it; I will do it, if you will speak of it. 9. Would you do it, if I spoke of it? 10. Will you do it, if I speak of it? 11. Would you not have done it, if I had spoken of it?

1. If he does not obey his parents, he will be unhappy all his life. 2. She would deceive her father, if she dared. 3. But she would not dare. 4. If she had stayed longer yesterday, she would have seen a friend of hers. 5. If you will be here to-morrow evening, you will see him, I think. 6. We should be glad, if he were here now. 7. If it had n't been for you (but for you), I should have lost everything I had. 8. If you were not here, where would you be? 9. If you are not at church next Sunday, where shall I find you? 10. Would he not return all the money he received, if he were not so poor? 11. If she does not prepare her lesson, what shall we do? 12. Would you choose this book, if you had your choice among all these works? 13. Why would you not choose this one? 14. Have you ever visited the largest cities of this country? 15. Should you visit them if you had 16. Shall you visit them when you have money

time? enough?

17. If you are at liberty this evening, shall we go to the theatre together?

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Interrogative Adverbs.

(1) If a sentence begins with an interrogative adverb (pourquoi, où, quand, comment, etc.), the rest of the sentence follows the regular order used in asking a question in French (Lesson 5).

Pourquoi votre frère est-il si malheureux?

Why is your brother so unhappy?

Quand ma mère est-elle partie? When did my mother leave?

A quelle heure la vôtre est-elle arrivée chez elle?

At what time did yours get home?

(2) An interrogative lequel, laquelle, etc., in the objective case, requires the same order.

Lesquels de ses chiens votre frère a-t-il perdus ?

Which (ones) of his dogs has your brother lost?

(3) After où with the verb in a simple tense, the subject is not usually repeated in the form of a pronoun.

But

Où est l'église dont vous parliez tout à l'heure?

Where is the church of which you were just now speaking?

Où demeurent vos amis? Where do your friends live?

Où vos amis sont-ils allés? or, Vos amis où sont-ils allés?

Composite Subject.

When a verb has two or more subjects of different grammatical persons, they are usually summed up by nous or vous, with which the verb agrees.1

Ma mère et moi, nous sommes allés chez vous.

My mother and I went to your house.

Mon frère et vous, vous êtes partis à cinq heures précises.

My brother and you started at exactly five o'clock.

Lui et moi, nous le verrons demain.

He and I shall see him to-morrow.

1 If the nous or vous is omitted, the verb agrees with whichever pro noun is understood.

Monsieur, Madame, Mademoiselle.

As a mark of respect, the words monsieur, madame, mademoiselle, or their plurals, are placed before the adjective votre or vos followed by père, mère, frère, sœur, oncle, cousin, ami, etc., or their plurals.

J'ai rencontré monsieur votre père et madame votre mère.
I met your father and mother.

Comment se porte mademoiselle votre sœur?
How is your sister?

Jacques, James.
Guillaume, William.

le quartier, the quarter.

le musée, the museum.
le bagage,
les bagages, J

the baggage.

maintenant que, now that (or now when that is understood).

partout, everywhere.

quelque part, somewhere.

nulle part,1 nowhere.

sévèrement, severely.

1. Mon frère et moi, nous sommes un peu malades aujourd'hui. 2. Pourquoi monsieur votre frère n'a-t-il pas encore répondu à ma lettre? 3. Si vous êtes libre demain soir, que ferez-vous? 4. Quand vous serez libre, je vous visiterai. 5. Combien madame votre mère a-t-elle payé sa maison? 6. Où votre sœur a-t-elle caché ma montre? 7. Elle ne l'a cachée nulle part; la voilà sur la table. 8. Quand mon ami Louis et moi, nous demeurions ensemble dans le quartier latin, nous visitions souvent les musées et les théâtres. 9. Nous ne l'oublierons jamais, j'en suis sûr. 10. Comment votre ami et vous trouviez-vous les tableaux dans le musée du Luxembourg? 11. Nous les trouvions magnifiques. 12. Pourquoi mesdemoiselles vos sœurs ne sont-elles pas contentes maintenant qu'elles ont reçu tant d'argent? 13. Ma mère et moi n'aurions-nous trouvé personne, si nous étions allés chez vous hier

1 Nulle part requires ne before the verb.

à quatre heures de l'après-midi ? 14. Non, monsieur Guillaume, vous n'auriez trouvé personne.

1. Henry and I have returned from London. 2. When did you and he arrive? 3. We arrived a half-hour ago. 4. Where is your baggage? 5. We left it somewhere. 6. Haven't you looked for it? 7. Yes, we have looked for it everywhere. 8. Mary and I saw it at the station. 9. Why didn't you and she bring it? 10. Because we were not strong enough. 11. What shall we do? 12. I have spoken to James about it; he will bring it this afternoon. 13. If it had n't been for you, we should have lost it. 14. At what time shall you and I go home? 15. When will your parents visit us? 16. Your mother and sister will be here on Tuesday, the 16th, but your father will stay in Paris until the 20th. 17. You forget that you and your brother will have no prize this month, because you have not worked well enough. 18. You know that you always succeed when you work. 19. If you deceive him, he will punish you severely. 20. Which of her friends is your mother visiting? 21. She is visiting a lady who lives in the American quarter. 22. We shall go nowhere to-day, but to-morrow we shall go to the country.

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PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

(1) There are two classes of personal pronouns, disjunctive and conjunctive.

(a) With a preposition : chez lui, at his house. (Lesson 26.) (b) Alone: Qui va là? Moi. Who goes there? I. (Lesson 45.) (c) Predicate nominative: C'est lui, it is he. Ce sont eux, it is they. (Lesson 45.)

(d) For emphasis: Moi, je le ferai, I skall do it. Nous le ferons nousmêmes, we shall do it ourselves. (See Lesson 64.)

(e) When separated from the verb by a word (other than ne or a conjunctive pronoun): Lui seul l'a fait, he alone has done it. Je n'aime que lui, I love no one but him. Nous sommes plus riches qu'eux, we are richer than they.

Conjunctive Pronouns.

(3) A conjunctive pronoun is used as subject, direct object, or indirect object of a verb expressed. (If the verb is understood, a disjunctive pronoun must be used, as in (2), b above.)

(4) Se, himself, herself, itself, one's self, themselves, a reflexive pronoun, is either singular or plural, direct or