were to die, desire the sleep they seem to sleep."-Essays, Letters from Abroad, Vol. ii., p. 172. Dr. Donovan has copied, with a suitable acknowledgment from Mr. Murray's Handbook, the account of living artists, and it is to be regretted that he has not availed himself more frequently of information from that source, as with all its deficiencies it is a better guide than his own. We suppose we must attribute to the author's patriotic attachments, his uncourtly notice of Pope Adrian IV., Breakspeare: ་་ 'This Pope, who was born of mendicant parents, himself a mendicant, loved so dearly the souls of the Irish, that he made a present of their bodies and their country to Henry II. of England. He died suddenly.' The former sins of the English Government are not forgotten. The rich and massive monument, at the extremity of the corridor (of the English College), is sacred to the memory of Sir Thomas Dereham, of Dereham, a voluntary exile, who died in 1739, and who, as his epitaph records, abstained from marriage, lest, in those days of religious (most irreligious) persecution, his offspring should abandon the faith of their forefathers, a singular and affecting illustration of his piety, and a melancholy memorial of the spirit of the age."—Vol. iii., p. 967. We omit the Latin epitaph, but cannot help wishing the author had always bestowed equal care on his classical illustrations. We trust that the British public will be gratified by the frequent mention of the merits of their countrymen as instances we may point out the account of Luke Wadding, which is found both vol. ii., p. 162, and p. 164, and vol. iii., where it extends from pages 978 to 982, closing thus : "His immortal workst have rendered him illustrious through Vol. iii. 1000-1005. His greatest work, the Annales Ordinis Minorum, first appeared at Lyons about the year 1654 in eight folio volumes. "After the publication of the first tome of the Annals, the Author was engaged in refuting an assertion put forward by some members of the Augustinian Body, that S. Francis had been, previously to the foundation of his order, a hermit of St. Augustine.”— Vol. iii., p. 980. out the world, and they will continue to transmit his name to posterity with distinguished honour. "Hic ossa, fama ubique, And the notice of the "Palazzo Doria Pamphilj. This vast and superb edifice, which is particularly interesting to the British traveller, from its wellknown connection with the ancient and illustrious house of Talbot, so worthily represented by the truly religious, munificent, and high-minded Earl of Shrewsbury, Father of the benevolent and accomplished Princess Doria, is situated in the Corso, next the Church of S. Maria in Via Lata, &c."-Vol. iii., p. 644. We find Dr. Donovan more at home in describing the social economy of Modern Rome than in any other department of his work: we shall therefore quote a description of the annual "liberation of a prisoner capitally convicted; a privilege now exclusively reserved to the Arch-confraternity of the Baptist." "In August the Governor of the Sodality deputes three of the brethren, who visit all the prisons of Rome, and note down all the prisoners condemned to death and qualified to receive the grace of pardon, an essential condition to which, is the consent of the injured party. Each prisoner presents a memorial, containing a statement of his case, which is compared with the minutes of the trial; the memorials are read at a full meeting of the brotherhood, who vote by ballot; and a majority of black votes decides in favour of the person to be liberated. On the day fixed for his liberation the Arch-confraternity proceed in procession to the prison, preceded by the Factor with a black wand in one hand, a red vest in the other, and a torch to present to the prisoner to be liberated. Two of the brethren follow in the dress of the Sodality, succeeded by two others with lanterns, six, two by two, bearing white, lighted torches, and three alternately bearing the crucifix, the arms of which are placed laterally, and at the feet of which is a gilt garland of olive, to be placed on the brow of the condemned culprit. Six other brethren follow, two by two, bearing torches, succeeded by the remaining members, also two by two; and the procession is closed by the Governor of the city between two mace-bearers, and the chaplain in stole and surplice between his sacristans. The prison door is covered with tapestry; and the ground is strewed with branches of festive myrtle. The Governor presents to the prison authorities the mandate of grace; the prisoner, having received the joyful tidings, hastens before his liberators, and pros trates himself before the crucifix; and the chaplain places on his head the crown of olive, after which he joins the procession, chanting the Te Deum between two of the brethren, who are generally his former comforters, and who precede the Governor and his suite, on their way to the church of S. Giovanni Decollato, on entering which the bells ring a joyous peal. Here the liberated man assists before the high altar at a solemn high mass, after which he dines with the chaplain, returns to the church to repeat his thanksgiving, and receives from the Pious Union the mandate of grace. If poor, the Arch-confraternity supplies his wants, and endeavours to provide for him a suitable situation; and if a stranger, they defray his travelling expenses, thus restoring him to society, to his friends, his family and his home.”—Vol. iii., p. 931, 932. In this work we meet with more available information respecting Easter week than in any other guide we have met with this however though invaluable on the spot cannot be comprised in a quotation. Every traveller should behold some of the magnificent ceremonies performed in St. Peter's if he wishes to appreciate the merits of that vast pile, whose real excellence consists, not in its actual proportions, which are so ill contrived that they dwarf their own effect, requiring the aid of the measure and rule to correct the inevitable misconceptions of the age, but which, when viewed in reference to the rites to be performed in it, and for which it was erected, presents one of the most harmonious spectacles in the world. Men were intended there to be moved by visible symbols, not instructed by the living voice, and the vast space allows the assembled thousands not merely to behold the imposing ceremonial, but themselves to become part of the spectacle. It is sometimes a pleasure, sometimes a pain in Rome to find that whatever be our varying emotions we do but echo the undying voice of former ages. Do we rejoice to tread on earth hallowed by the glorious manners of the past? Cicero has given eloquent utterance to our feelings. Are we moved with indignation at the ready but false answers to our enquiries?-So was Petrarch, who sorrowfully said, nowhere is Rome less known than at Rome. mourn over the wilful destruction which has deprived us of so many precious memorials of antiquity, we may adopt the language of Raphael, "I take the boldness to say that this entire new Rome which we now behold in its greatness If we and beauty, with its palaces and churches, is built entirely with mortar formed by the destruction of ancient marbles:" and while dwelling on the memory of the noble army of martyrs who have imparted to this spot an eternal consecration, we exclaim with Tasso, "O Rome, it is not thy columns, thy triumphal arches, thy baths that I seek; it is the blood shed for Christ, and the bones scattered in thy now sacred soil.” ART. IV. THE ELEMENTS OF MORALITY, INCLUDING POLITY. By WILLIAM WHEWELL, D.D., Master of Trinity College, and Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Cambridge. In two volumes. Parker, 1845. In his inaugural Address at the last meeting of the British Association, Sir John Herschel said "The fact is every year becoming more broadly manifest, by the successful application of scientific principles to subjects that had hitherto been only empirically treated (of which agriculture may be taken as perhaps the most conspicuous instance), that the great work of Bacon was not the completion, but, as he himself foresaw and foretold, only the commencement of his own philosophy; and that we are even yet only at the threshold of that palace of Truth which succeeding generations will range over as their own,—a world of scientific enquiry, in which not matter only and its properties, but the far more rich and complex relations of life and thought, of passion and motive, interest and action, will come to be regarded as its legitimate objects." This distinct recognition of the moral sciences, by the representative of an association which refuses to notice their existence, is at once the sign and promise of an improved conception of Philosophy. Not that such a man as Sir John Herschel can ever have doubted the reality of natural laws, ruling among the phenomena of the human mind and life, just as among the objects of physical research. But so little progress has hitherto been made in ascertaining them, and so little positive inconvenience has been felt from our ignorance, that psychology has been put off with complimentary acknowledgments, or even narrowly escaped ignoring altogether: it has been allowed its title, but not its territory, in the domain of knowledge: it has been admitted among the sciences, possible or impossible, on condition of its making no pretension to anything actual, and has occupied a place on the intellectual map, not precisely like the Atlantis of Plato, but at least like the North West passage, discoverable, perhaps, by adventurers who can find their way between a floor of ice and a roof of northern lights, but useless to men whose element is in the sunshine and the warm earth. A different feeling is now manifested, and is plainly demanded by the existing state of CHRISTIAN TEACHER.-No. 30. 2 s |