old. An eloquent evidence of the patriotic feeling existing in Kentucky at this time, in spite of her neglect by the government, is seen in the date of the adoption of her first Constitution-the 19th of April, 1792-the anniversary of the battle of Lexington. This document, which was evidently modelled after the then new Constitution of the United States, seems to have been for the most part the work of George Nicholas, an associate of Madison and Patrick Henry, a student of the backwoods who would have done credit to the Middle Temple, and the leading legal light of his day in the district. It was a College of Electors, as required by this Constitution, which convened shortly after its adoption, and in regular national style made choice of Isaac Shelby as Governor. And it came to pass that Friday, the 1st of June, 1792, rolled around, and on that day, a hundred years ago, Kentucky became a member of the Union, with Lexington, the most central of her settlements, as the capital of the new-born State. It is curious that "Lexington," the title of a British Lord, should have become the slogan of the American Revolution, but not more curious than the fact that the first spot of ground on this continent named to commemorate the opening battle of that struggle should have been located beyond the confines of civilization, and in the heart of the far-distant wilderness of Kentucky. Lexington, the metropolis of the blue-grass region, is to-day the oldest public monument in existence to the first dead of the war of independence, and she was toasted as the first namesake of Lexington, Massachusetts, at the centennial celebration of that battle. The beautiful incident of the naming of Lexington, Kentucky, which occurred early in June, 1775, was witnessed by Simon Kenton and other noted pioneers. Longfellow was urged to make it the subject of a poem, and corresponded with the writer in regard to it, but he died, unfortunately, too soon for the story to be embalmed by him in immortal verse. When Lexington became the capital of Kentucky in 1792, she had a thousand inhabitants, and was the largest and most important town in the State, in spite of mud roads and of thieving Indians, who carried off the settlers' negroes and sold them at Detroit for whiskey. Her stores were filled with heavy stocks of goods; manufactories flourished, and especially powder-mills, as one might naturally imagine, considering the exposed condition of her customers; her sales of pack-horses were large and constant; her schools were growing; traders were coming and going all the time; and altogether she was a busy town, furnishing an immense area of the Western country, including Cincinnati, with supplies of every kind. Such was the settlement, crowded with strangers, where on Monday the 4th of June, 1792, commenced the first session of the Kentucky Legislature, and the organization of the State government. On that day Governor Shelby arrived from Danville, where all the conventions had been held, and as he came on horseback down the hill which overlooked the little capital, the citizens made the valley of the Elkhorn resound with the cracking of their flint-lock rifles, and with the roar of an old six-pounder which the explosive and emphatic Mad Anthony Wayne requested the use of a short time after. The Governor, provided with leggins, saddlebags, and holsters, was halted with his escort at the intersection of the two principal streets of the village, where he was received with military honors by the largest and most picturesque procession that the Western country had ever seen. There, with all the formality and punctiliousness that Sir Charles Grandison himself could have desired, he was presented with a written address of welcome in behalf of Lexington by Mr. John Bradford, or "Old Wisdom," as he was admiringly called, the chairman of the town Board of Trustees, the editor of the only newspaper in the commonwealth, and a gentleman of substantial scientific attainments. The oath of office was then administered to the Governor, who, after more salutes had been indulged in, took his place in the procession, which immediately began to move, and to the sound of drum and fife and ten village bells, he was escorted through the main street, past the printing-office, the site of the old block-house, the prosperous-looking stores, and the liberty pole, the pillory, and the stocks, the court-house yard, where the settlers hitched their horses, and on to the Sheaf of Wheat inn, where he "lighted" from his tired nag and lodged. The "Light Infantry" and the "Troop of Horse" then paraded the unpaved public square, where the inaugural ceremonies were concluded by the firing of fifteen rounds-one for each of the States then in the Union-and a general discharge of rifles in honor of the new Governor. The General Assembly met in the State House, a gloomy but substantial two-story log building of the regular old pioneer type, above whose gabled roof on Main Street floated the American flag. It met, however, mainly to elect officers, after which it adjourned, and the rest of the day was spent in rejoicings, in the announcement of appointments by the Governor, and in the interchange of courtesies between the citizens and their guests. On the 6th of June, after the Legislature had been fully organized, the members of both Houses assembled in the Senate Chamber of the State House to formally receive the Governor's message, which was delivered in person, after the elaborate Federal style of the day, which was followed in Kentucky up to the time of Governor Scott, when it was changed to the present simple one in accordance with a precedent established by President Jefferson. Exactly at noon the Governor entered the plain and unpretentious room attended by the Secretary of State, and was immediately conducted to a position on the right of the Speaker of the Senate, when, after respectfully addressing first the Senate and then the House, he proceeded to read the communication he had prepared. At the close of the address he delivered to each Speaker a copy of the manuscript, and retired as solemnly and as formally as he had entered. The two Houses then separated, and after gravely voting an address in reply to that of his Excellency, adjourned. It was a curious sight, that first session of the Kentucky Legislature, where an imitation of a kingly custom of Great Britain appeared in such striking contrast to the natural and unaffected ways of early Western life: the pomp of the House of Lords in a log cabin; the royal ermine and the republican 'coon-skin. Kentucky literally fought her way to Statehood through seventeen such years as mark the calendar of no other American common wealth. She had never known the fostering care of the general government, which, even as late as 1792, had accomplished nothing in the way of opening the Mississippi to her trade, nor had done anything to free her from that serious obstacle to her progress, the retention of the Northwestern posts by England. The presence of British troops encouraged the Indians to violence; and the State was admitted to the Union during the murdering and marauding that followed St. Clair's defeat. But the selfmade commonwealth remained true to the government which so many of her sons had fought and suffered to establish. The very motto of the State seal is a reminder of the patriotic sentiments which animated Kentucky a hundred years ago. It was suggested by a couplet from a popular air that was sung by the Sons of Liberty during the Revolution: "Come, join hand in hand, Americans all; SLEEP. BY ARCHIBALD LAMPMAN. EHOLD I lay in prison like St. Paul, were grim and stout. All day they sat by me and held me thrall: That took me by the hand, and as I rose The chains grew soft and slipped away from me. The doors gave back and swung without a sound, Like petals of some magic flower unfurled. I followed, treading o'er enchanted ground, The master of that black and bolted keep Thou knowest is Life; the angel's name is Sleep. THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ARMY. BY FELDZEUGMEISTER BARON VON KUHN. N consequence of the events of the year 1866, the AustroHungarian monarchy effectuated a radical change in its military system. The principles upon which the Prussian military constitution had been established served in general as its basis. His Majesty the Kaiser has supreme command over the entire armed force of the many parts of the empire, and as commander-inchief he also has the power to declare war or peace. The political dualism, the division of the monarchy into two distinct states of the empire, each of which has its Own constitution and a distinct system of representation, has not been without influence upon the formation of the military relations of the imperial state. Fortunate ly, indeed, the real strength of the armythe line-exists as a unified whole, and the existing army, as such, is under imperial regulation; but the right of recruitment and of legislation with reference to military service has been reserved to those representing in Parliament (Reichsrath) those countries included under the general title of Cisleithania, on the one side, and to the provinces of the Hungarian crown, Transleithania, on HALBERDIER (EMPEROR'S BODY-GUARD). the other side. The Imperial Ministry of War forms the supreme nucleus of the whole military power of the monarchy. It is divided into four sections, comprising fifteen departments, in which are united the many branches of the personnel of the organi zation, disposition of troops, administration, the affairs of justice, health, debt. etc. The naval section, with its two departments for business, forms an independent part of the Imperial Ministry of War. There is also in each of the two parts of the empire a Ministry of National Defence, to which the affairs of the landwehr and landsturm are submitted. The land wehren of the single parts of the empire form bodies constitutionally separated from each other. Since the new defensive laws of 1889, the army of first class, as well as the imperial and royal landwehr, is unconditionally subject to the commands of the Kaiser, and relatively to those of the Imperial Minister of War. But the restriction upon the employment of the royal Hungarian landwehr abroad or in other parts of the empire has been fixed by the decision of the representative bodies, though it may be employed without the leave of these bodies if there be danger in delay. The language of the service is German, excepting in the Hungarian landwehr, where the Hungarian and Croatian dialects prevail. The military system is based upon the required service of every man for twentyfour years after reaching his majority. The regular required service is as follows: 1. In the first class, ten years for the army and its Ersatz reserve (substitute reserve), that is, three years in line and seven in reserve; ten years in the Ersatz reserve for those directly appointed to the same; twelve years for the armed force of Bosnia and Herzegovina, that is, three years in line and nine in reserve; twelve years for the marine, that is, four years in line, five in reserve, and three in marine defence. 2. In the second class (landwehr), two years after completion of required service in the standing army, or twelve for those directly appointed to the landwehr or its Ersatz reserve. 3. In the third class (landsturm), three years before entering upon the age for required service, nine years for all who had left the marine and the landwehr, twenty-one years for all who have been appointed directly to the landsturm. Through the increase of the annual re HUNGARIAN INFANTRY. cruit contingent to the number of 103,000 men for the army of the first class, which was passed in 1889, an operative military force of 800,000 men was assured. In the army of the second class the an nual recruit contingent for the imperialroyal landwehr amounts to 10,000 men; for the royal Hungarian landwehr, 12,500 men. The army of the third class, the landsturm, is intended, in case of necessity, to supply the first and second classes, to furnish the army with the laboring forces necessary for its requirements, and, finally, to directly oppose the enemy that has forced its way into the country. It thus represents the last resource of strength on the part of the defensive forces of the country. It is divided into two summons, and consists of nine years' drill in military service. The military law of 1889, as opposed to that of 1868, makes necessary curtailments owing to the shortened term of required service. Absolute exemption is wholly excluded. A one-year (so-called) volunteer service will satisfy the military obligation of an educated young man. He is not allowed, however, during this volunteer year to continue his professional studies; and in case he fails to pass the examination of the reserve officer at the expiration of this period, he must continue his service a second year along with the troops. These regulations cause at present a greater number of the oneyear volunteers to attain the rank of reserve officer. In order to distribute the military burden more equally upon the shoulders of all the subjects, a war revenue, called the military tax, is levied in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Excepting those wholly destitute and unable to work, every subject liable to service, unless on account of unfitness he fails to obtain appointment and is rejected, or emigrates before the completion of his service, has to pay an annual tax proportionate to his fortune or business for each year of service. This sum varies between one and one hundred gulden, and in Hungary between three and one hundred. The moneys thus collected are employed for the support of soldiers' widows and orphans. It is desirable that there should be an increase in the income from the military tax, in order that it may be adequate for the support of the soldiers' widows and orphans, as intended. The following difficulties still continue in the regulations of the new military law for the army of the second class: the want of unified management, the ine |