There is no one but is (that is not) a sinner, no hai ninguo que

no sea pecador.

He went no day into the country but he returned (that he returned not) loaded, ningun dia fué al campo que no volvió cargado. I have but (only) one servant, tengo solo un criado.

I came but (I came not till) yesterday, no viene hasta ayer. That means no more but (than) to tell me to go away, eso no quiere decir mas que decirme que me vaya.

The annexed conjunctions are translated in the following manner:

As is como; example: black as pitch, negro como la

pez.

As being followed by so, is expressed así como; example: as he rewards virtue, so he punishes vice, así como premia la virtud, así castiga el vicio.

As meaning when, is cuando; example: we met her as we were going home, la encontrámos cuando íbamos á casa.

Neither and nor is ni; example: he will neither sell it nor give it, no quiere venderlo ni darlo.

Neither, at the end of a sentence, is translated tampoco;

as, nor I neither, ni yo tampoco.*

Rather; this adverb, when used as an adversative conjunction, is resolved into ántes or antes bien; example: I owe him nothing, rather [on the contrary] he owes me something, yo no le debo nada, ántes or ántes bien el me debe algo.

Whether is sí; example: tell me whether he will come or not, dígame vmd. sí él vendrá ó no.

Whether, in phrases like the following, is expressed by

* When either comes accompanied by a negative, it is translated like neither; example: I will not see them, nor she either, “Yo u quiero verlos, ni ella tampoco.”

que; example: whether he comes or not, I don't care any thing, que venga ó que no venga, no se me da nada. Both, meaning as well as, is translated either así como, or tanto como; as así él como yo vendrémes, both he and I will come; tanto el conocimiento de libros, como de hombres es necesario; both the knowledge of books and men, is necessary.

However, or howsoever, is rendered, por or por mas;

as, however great a man may be, he must always be humble, por grande que sea un hombre, debe siempre ser humilde; how horrid soever vice may be, it will always find followers, por mas horrible que sea el vicio, siempre encuentra secuaces.

EXAMPLES.

None but God can know our thoughts. Every thing

conocer

but the hour of death is uncertain.

of the law, but of her servants.

ministro

I do not complain quejarse

Death is terrible, but

judgment will be more so: let us not fear then the

hour of death, but the day of judgment.

juicio

pues

What his

valour achieved was much, but what his mind suffered

obrar

was more.

espíritu padecer, Fame is the reward of conquerors, but fama recompensa conquistador

virtue will have another recompense. Of what service

premio

servicio

was the death of Nero to the Romans, but to make

an opening for Otho and Vitellius?

entrada á Olon

Vitelio

The happiness

dicha

of a liberal and opulent man, does not consist in

having riches, but in spending them, and not only in

gastar

spending them, but in spending them well. But for

thee, my son would have been murdered.

asesinar

Without

friendship, the world would be but a wilderness. Why

desierto

does he grieve? He ought rather to rejoice at seeing

afligir se

himself among us.

deber

alegrarse

As he lived, so he died. Whether

thou be rich or poor, thou art not less obliged to be

virtuous. He died on the twenty-fifth, as the clock

fallecer

reloj struck three. We travelled without knowing whether dar it would be possible to arrive before day-break. I did

not like his verses, nor his prose either. For a person

to succeed, he must possess both genius and (tener buen éscito)

ingenio

judgment. Both vice and virtue are frequently mis

equi

taken. How polite soever we may be, we must always

be dignified.
(guardar dignidad)

However certain a man may be of

cierto

a thing, he should, (on no occasion,) be positive.

Adjectives employed as interjections, require de before the noun to which they are applied; as, "Pobre de mi padre!" oh! my poor father! "Desdichada de mi madre!" oh! my unhappy mother!

Note 1. The interjection ai, when used like the English wo, requires de before the following noun; as, ai de ti! wo to thee! ¡ai de aquellos que mueren en sus pecados! wo to them who die in their sins!

Note 2. The interjection ete is used with the personal pronouns only, and always joined to the objective case; as, "Etela que viene!" lo she comes! "Eteme aquí ya fuera de Oviedo!" behold me here, or, le here am I, already out of Oviedo!

EXERCISES.

Oh, my father! my friend! how great has been my ingratitude! Oh, piety! oh, virtue! how insensible have ingratitud

I been to thy charms! Unhappy we, how shall we

encanto

have courage to fight with our friends! Happy thou, valor

pelear

Telemachus! with such a guide thou hast nothing to fear! Wo to me, should death come before I am pre

pre

pared! Lo, here they come! prepared to insult us. parar insultar.

See page 190.

OBSERVATION.

It was considered expedient to give, in the first edition of this grammar, a specimen of the various modes of translation which had been heretofore adopted. Experience has taught us, that they increased the size of the book, without affording any immediate or remote utility to the student. As it has always been our object to render this grammar, as useful and acceptable as study and reflection would permit us, we have substituted in place of those models, a few short extracts, which will serve both as promiscuous exercises of the syntactical rules, and lessons to prepare the student for translation and composition.

PRUDENCE.

Hear the words of prudence, (give heed unto) her prudencia atender á

guardar

mác

counsels, and store them in thine heart: her maxconsejo ims are universal, and all the virtues (lean upon) her:

sima

depender

Put a +

she is the guide and mistress of human life.

bridle on thy tongue; set a guard before thy lips, freno á lengua poner guarda

lest the words of thine own mouth (paraque)

ά

labio

destroy thy

(no destruir)

peace. Let him who (scoffeth at) the lame, (take care)

burlarse

cojo guardarse that he (halt not himself:) whoever speaketh of

cogear

another's failings with pleasure, shall hear of his own

with (bitterness of heart.) Of much speaking cometh

amargura

repentance, but in silence is safety. (Boast arrepentimiento (el silencio) tener seguridad