Conditional

si, if;

como, as;

con tal que provided that;

si aspiras á

ser docto, estudia, if thou dost aspire to be learned,

study.

Causal, por que, because;

pues, pues que, since;}

as, no fuí allt

porque

estaba enfermo, I did not go there, because I was' sick; pues me lo mandas, lo haré, since thou biddest me, I shall do it.

Continuative, pues, then;

puesto que, since;

}

as, digo pues que

salió de aquel peligro, I say then that he came out of that danger; puesto que te favorecen, muéstrate agradecido, since they favour you, show yourself thankful.

como, as;

Comparative, así, so;

así como, as;

as, frio como el yelo, as

}as,

cold as ice; así como lo digo así lo aprendí, as I say

it so I learned it.

Adversative, {

mas, pero, but;

}

as, quisiera ir, mas mi

aunque, though;

enfermedad no me lo permite, I should like to go, but my sickness does not allow me.

Objective, Spara que, that, or in order that;> Lá á fin de que, to the end that; escribo, para que lo publique en las gacetas, I write it to you, that you may publish it in the gazettes.

Of Simple and Compound Conjunctions.

Simple Conjunctions are those which consist of one word; as, como, pero; and Compound Conjunctions are

those which are formed of more than one word; as, para que, that; á fin de que, to the end that.

OF INTERJECTIONS.

An interjection is a part of speech, which expresses the passions or emotions of the mind of the person who speaks; as, O hombre! caan mudable eres! O man! how changeable thou art!

The words which are to be considered in the Spanish language as interjections, are the following:-ah, ai, ce, chito, chiton, ca, ete, fu, ha, he, ho, hola, 6, pu, ta, tate, ah, ó; expressing grief, joy, indignation, and admiration, they may be said to correspond with the English hey! ah! Oh! ho! hah!

Ce, ete, ha, he, hola, are used to call the attention, and consequently correspond with hem, lo, hip, holla, in English: hola, is also used to express wonder, and he, to demand a repetition of something that has been said to us, and which we did not exactly understand; he, sometimes is expressed in English, by the word what! chito, chiton, are similar to hush, mum; ea, serves to encourage; fu, is the same as pshaw! pu, as, foh! tą and tate, are employed to stop; as, halt, hold!

PART III.

SYNTAX.

SYNTAX, is the proper arrangement of the parts of speech, in order to form correct sentences.

A sentence is an assemblage of words, forming a complete sense.

Syntax consists of two parts, Concord and Govern

ment.

Concord is the agreement which one word has with another, in gender, number, case, or person.

In Spanish, there are four kinds of concords, viz:— 1st, between the article and noun; as, el monte, the mount; las montañas, the mountains: 2d, between the noun and the adjective; as, soldado valeroso, a valiant soldier; tropas valerosas, valiant troops: 3d, between the antecedent and the relative; as, la carta que yo le escribí, y la cual vmd. no quiso recibir, the letter I wrote to you, and which you did not wish to receive: 4th, between the subject and the verb; as, yo escribo, I write; ellos saltan, they leap.

Government is that power which one word has over another, in directing its mood, tense, or case; as, te amaré, I shall love thee. Here, amaré is an active transitive verb, governing the pronoun in the objective

case.

The different kinds of words of which the Spanish language is composed, being shown and defined, as many rules, notes, and observations, as are required to produce a correct agreement, and right arrangement in a sentence, will now be laid down. But as theory alone cannot perfect us in any art or science whatever, it would be impossible that rules alone could enable us to form a correct sentence. Persuaded of this truth, the author has not only illustrated the rules, notes, and observations by a great many examples, but he has also placed under every one of them, a course of practical exercise, which, together with the rules, will, it is hoped, teach at once, both how to speak and write the Spanish language with accuracy and precision.

An explanation of some marks used in the course of the

exercises.

This horizontal line, which is to be found under some English words, implies that they are spelled in the same manner in Spanish, with this exception, that a soft t, must be changed into c, and that the s is never to be doubled.

When a parenthesis ( ) encloses two or more words, the words above or below, are equivalent to the whole enclosure.

Words having this mark † underneath, are not to be translated in Spanish.

These figures, 1, 2, 3, &c. which are to be found at the end of English words, show in what order they must be placed in Spanish,

AGREEMENT OF THE ARTICLE.*

RULE I.

The article must agree with the noun in gender, number and case; as, "El libro de la iglesia contiene las vidas de todos los santos," the book of the church contains the lives of all the saints.

Note 1. Of the and to the, when applied to the nouns which in Spanish are masculine singular, are always translated del and al, which are contractions of de el and a el. See page 68.

Note 2. Feminine nouns beginning with a, or ha, accented† on the first syllable, take the masculine article when they are in the singular, but never when they are in the plural number; as, "El águila es la reina de las aves," the eagle is the king of birds.

The writing master made an excellent pen.

(maestro de escribir) hizo una escelente pluma.

The zephyrs were delightful.

céfiros eran deliciosos.

The clouds covered the

numbe cubrian

* See the Etymology of the article in pages 67, 68.

By accented it is here meant, when a stress is laid over the a or ha, whether it bears the orthographical accent or not.

For a perfect knowledge of the gender of nouns, the student is referred to pages 58, 59, &c. particularly to page 59, rule 2.

§ For the formation of the plural of nouns, we refer the student to pages 64, and 65.