Plur. 1. hubimos sido or estado, 2. hubisteis sido or estudo,

3. hubiéron sido or estado,

we had been.

you had been. they had been.

Compound of the future.

Sing. 1. habré sido or estado, I shall have been.

2. habrás sido or estado,

3. habrá sido or estado,

thou shalt have been. he shall have been.

Plur. 1. habremos sido or estado, we shall have been.

Sing. 1. sería or estaría, I should be.

Plur.

2. serías or estarías,

thou shouldst be.

3. sería or estaría, he should be.

1. seríamos or estariamos, we should be.
2. seríais or estaríais, you should be.
3. serían or estarían, they should be.

Preterite tense.

Sing. 1. fuése or fuéra,

estuviese or estuviera,} I might be.

2. quando fuéres or estuviéres,

when thou, &c.

when he, &c.

3. quando fuére or estuviére,

Plur. 1. quando fuéremos or estuviéremos, when we, &c. 2. quando fuéreis or estuviéreis,

3. quando fuéren or estuviéren,

Compound of the present.

when you, &c. when they, &c.

Sing. 1. haya sido or estado, I may have been.

2. háyas sido or estado,

3. haya sido or estado,

Plur. 1. hayámos sido or estado, 2. hayáis sido or estado, 3. háyan sido or estado,

thou mayst, &c. he may, &c.

we may have been. you may, &c. they may, &c.

Compound of the imperfect.

Sing. 1. habría sido or estado, 2. habrías sido or estado,

3. habría sido or estado,

I should have been. thou shouldst have been. he should have been.

Plur. 1. habríamos sido or estado, we should have been.

2. habríais sido or estado,
3. habrían sido or estado,

you should have been. they should have been.

Compound of the preterite.

Sing. 1. hubiéra, or hubiése, I might have been.

sido or estado,

2. hubieras, or hubiéses, thou mightst have been. sido or estado,

}

3. hubiéra, or hubiése, he might have been.
sido or estado,

Plur. 1. hubiéramos, or hubiésemos, we might, &c. sido or estado,

2. hubiérais, or hubiéseis,
sido or estado,

3. hubiéran, or hubiésen,

sido or estado,

you might, &c.

they might, &c.

Compound of the future.

Sing. 1. quando hubiére

sidorado,}

when I shall have been.

2. quando hubiéres when thou shalt have been.

sido or estado,

3: quando hubiére
sido or estado, S

Plur. 1. quando hubiéremos
sido or estado,

2. quando hubiéreis
sido or estado,

3. quando hubiéren
sido or estado,

Sing.

Imperative mood.

(no first person.)

2. sé or está tu, be thou.

3. séa or esté el, let him be.

Plur. 1. seamos or estemos, let us be.
2. séd or estád, be you.'

3. séan or estén, let them be.

Observations upon the verbs ser and estar (in English)

to be.

The difference between these two verbs is so considerable that the beginner cannot be too well acquainted with them, in order to make a right use of them either in composition or in speaking, since both have only one single signification in English, which is to be. The verb ser in Spanish is used for the natural qualities of men, women, or things, either good or bad; as ser hombre to be a man, ser alto to be tall, ser pequeño to be little or short, ser málo to be naturally wicked, ser bueno to be good or honest; as Este hombre es caritativo. This man is charitable; Esta muger es piadósa, This woman is devout. Whereas estar serves only for accidental things, or denoting some place, or other adjunct quality; as estár en Páris, to be in Paris; estoy lejos de Madrid, I am far from Madrid :-should I say, Soy lejos de Madrid, I should give to understand that I am myself the space of ground from Madrid to this place, which would be complete nonsense: Mi casa es buena, pero está mal distribuída, My house is good, yet it is ill contrived. By these examples you see the essential being of the house expressed by the verb ser, and the accidental by the verb

estar.

SECTION IV.

Of the regular conjugations.

The respective conjugations are formed by the different terminations of verbs, in their tenses and persons, and particularly in the infinitive mood. Now the infinitive mood of all the Spanish verbs ends in one of the three following terminations, viz.

1. ar; as hablár, to speak.

2. er; as bebér, to drink.

3. ir; as sufrir,

to suffer.

First conjugation-Hablár to speak.

Infinitive mood.

Present tense, hablár, to speak.
Gerund, hablando, speaking.

Participle,

hablado, spoken.

Comp. of the present, habér hablado, to have spoken. Comp, of the gerund, habiendo hablado, having spoken.

N. B. I have omitted the personal pronouns, because the Spaniards make use of them in interrogative sentences only, each person being sufficiently distinguished from one another.

Imperfect tense.

Sing. 1. hablába, I did speak.
2. hablábas, thou didst speak.
3. hablába, he did speak.

Plur. 1. hablábamos, we did speak.
2. hablábais, you did speak.
3. hablában, they did speak.