Rule 99. Nada, nothing. The word nothing is expressed by nada. Example: Nada hay mas dañoso á la reputacion que la calumnia. Nothing is more hurtful to reputation than slander. Nada he visto mas agradable. I have seen nothing more agreeable. CHAPTER XII. SEVERAL MODES OF NEGATION. THIS chapter is divided into two sections: the first explains how to express in Spanish the English negations; the second shows the several circumstances in which a negative expression is required in Spanish, though there may be none in English. SECTION 1. How to express in Spanish the English negations. The English negations are eight: 1. nobody; 2. none, or not; 3. nothing; 4. neither; 5. never; 6. by no means; 7. no; 8. not. We have spoken in the preceding rules of the three first, therefore we will only treat here of the five others, Rule 100. No, ni; neither, or nor. The word neither, besides its being an indeterminate pronoun (as has been said before, rule 96), is also a negative conjunction when followed by nor. When neither and nor come before two nouns, or two verbs in the infinitive mood, they are both exp essed by ni before the verb which is in the indicative mood. Example: Ní súplicas, ni amenazas le pudiéron enternecér. El no sabe ni leér ni escribir. He knows neither how to read nor write. Rule 101. No and nunca, never; de ninguna manera, by no means. De ninguna manera requires no before the verb. Example : Nunca he visto la reyna de Inglaterra. I have never seen the queen of England. No apruebo de ninguna manera su conducta. · Rule 102. Ninguno, alguno, no, no. The negative expression no, before a substantive, is expressed in Spanish by alguno or ninguno, masc. sing. alguna or ninguna, fem. sing. algunas, f. pl. Example: No tiene vm. algúnas buenas calidades: You have no good qualities. El no toma ningún cuidado de sus negocios. He takes no care of his business. When no is used in an answer to a question, it is ex pressed by no; as ¿Ha vm. visto al rey ?-No, Señor. Have you seen the king.—No, Sir. ¿Aprende vm. la lengua Italiana ?-No, Señorita. Do you learn the Italian language?—No, Miss. Rule 103. No, not; no que, not that. The negative not is usually expressed by no before the verb or its auxiliary, and no que after. Example; Lo haré; no que séa obligádo a ello, pero para tenér la pax. I will do it; not that I am obliged, but to have peace. Note. The words. no more, or not any more, are expressed by mas de, without comparison; and mas que nunca, or jamas, when more is followed by than comparatively used. Example: No tengo mas de quarénta y cinco años. I am no more than forty-five years old. No hay mas de una semána que he visto á su hermano : vm, no le verá nunca or jamas. It is no more than a week since I saw your brother: you will see him no more. SECTION II. Negative expressed in Spanish and not in English. Rule 104. Negative used in Spanish and not in English. The particle no is used in Spanish after the following words; mas, more; mejor, better; menos, less; peor, worse; mas presto, sooner; de otro modo, otherwise. In all these cases there is no negative expressed in English.. Example: Su hermano es mas joven que no pensába. I'm. ha venido mas presto que no estába esperado.. Le impediré que no le agravie. 1 will hinder him from injuring you. expected. Rule 105. Negation used in Spanish and not in English. ; The following conjunctions-amenos que, unless; por temor que, for fear; para que, lest; si, used for unless que, for before or until-require the particle no before. the next verb. Example: No iré alli amenos que vm, no venga conmigo. I will not go there, unless you come with me Rule 106. No before the verb, and que after, but or only. When the words but or only come after a verb, without any stop between them, they are expressed by no before and que after. Example: No tengo mas que veinte guineas. 1 I have but twenty guineas. The word only after a verb is expressed by solo; if before it, there is a conditional expression. Example: Si vm. tuviése sólo dos amigos mas, saldría bien con todo. you had only two friends more, you would succeed. When but begins the second part of a sentence, it is usually expressed by pero. Example: If De seo mucho viajar, pero no tengo dinero. I wish much to travel, but I have no money. SYNTAX OF verbs. THE verb is a part of speech the most extensive, the most essential, and altogether the most difficult, either to teach or to learn; therefore close attention must be given to the following pages, in which the construction of verbs is fully explained, and the different genius of the two languages is pointed out with accuracy and precision. CHAPTER XIII. OF THE GOVERNMENT of verbs. Rule 107. Verbs which govern the genitive case in Spanish. 1. Most of the reflected verbs not mentioned in the next rule govern the genitive case in Spanish, whatever case they govern in English. Jactarse de alguna cosa, to boast of any thing. Maravillarse de algo, to wonder at any thing. Mofarse de alguno, to make game of any one. Quitarse de chimeras, to free oneself from chimeras. 2. The following-tener lastima, to pity; gozar, to enjoy; morir, to die, &c.-govern the genitive case in the Spanish language. Thus we say : Tener lastima de los pobres, Gozár de una buena salid, to pity the poor. to enjoy a good health. Morir de una enfermedad, to die of an illness. 3. The verbs passive followed in English by the preposition from or with, also govern the genitive in Spanish. Example: Está cargado de botin, he is loaded with spoils. This book is translated from the English. 4. The word by, which comes sometimes after a verb passive, is usually expressed by de when the verb does not express any action of the body, and by for when it does. Thus we say : Su hermano fué muerto por dos ladrónes. Your brother was killed by two thieves. Su hermana es aborrecida de todos. Your sister is hated by every body. Su obra de vm. será censuráda de un modo sevéro por los críticos. Your work will be severely censured by the critics. Rule 108. ios. Verbs which govern the dative case in Spanish. 1. The twenty following reflected verbs govern the dative case, as ; |