abjects are expressed by aquel, masc.; aquella, fem.; aquello, neut. Example:

El cuerpo peréce, el alma es inmortal; sin embargo nos descuidamos de esa, para sacrificarlo todo á aquel.

The body perishes, the soul is immortal; however we neglect this, in order to sacrifice every thing to that. Aquí hay buenos libros; ¿quales quiere vmd. mas, esus a aquellos?

Here are good books; which do you like best, these or those?

Rule 69. He who is expressed in Spanish by el que.

When the personal pronouns he, she, they, or those, are the antecedent of who, that, or which, they are not expressed by el or ella, as before, but by he who, rendered by el que ;*she who, by la que; they who, by los que or las que; as:

El que no puede guardar un secretò es incapaz de gobernár. He who cannot keep a secret is incapable of governing.

CHAPTER VII.

OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

Rule 70. Que, quien, qual, who, that, or which.

THE relative pronouns who, that, or which, are expressed in Spanish by que, for all sorts of objects, either with or without a nominative case between them and the verb. Example:

El hombre que habla.

The man who speaks.

El libro que tengo. The book which I have,

La casa que he visto esta bien labráda.

The house that I have seen is well built.

Rule 71. Del qual, cuyo, de quien; of whom, whose, or which.

The relative pronouns whose, of whom, of which, are usually expressed in Spanish by cuyo, m. cuya, f. making their plural cuyos, cuyas; de quien, by which, plur. quienes; qual, by whom, whose plural is quales, serving for all sorts of objects. Example:

He visto al hombre de quien vmd. habla.

I have seen the man of whom you speak.

Es una indisposicion de la qual el cirujano no conoce la

causa.

It is an illness the cause of which is unknown to the surgeon.

If the antecedent be not in the nominative or accusative case, whose or whom are expressed by cuyo, cuya, according to the gender to which they refer. Example: Pedro, cuyo libro tengo. Peter, whose book I have. Es un hombre cuya discrecion no niego,

He is a man whose discretion I do not deny.

N. B. The relative pronoun from whom, which answers to the Latin ablative, is always expressed by de quien. Example :

El hombre de quien he recibído una carta ayer, está enfermo.

The man from whom I received a letter yesterday, is ill.

Rule 72. Quien or el qual, la qual; whom, which.

When the relative pronouns are in the dative case, or after any preposition, they are usually expressed by quien, speaking of persons, and always by el qual, m. la qual, f, and lo qual, n. los quales, and las quales, pl. speaking of animals or things. Example:

Su padre de vmd. es un hombre á quien debe obedecer,
Your father is a man whom you ought to obey,

La gloria á la qual los héroes pretenden es una gloria falsa.

The glory to which heroes aspire is a false glory.

Es una razon á la qual no hay que replicar.
It is a reason to which there is no reply.
Evite las culpas en las quales he caido.
Avoid the faults into which I have fallen.

Rule 73. Place and concord of the relative pronouns.

The relative pronouns are placed in Spanish immediately after the nouns or pronouns to which they refer, and agree with them in gender and number, as :

Los libros á los quales hé subscrito son muy buenos. The books to which I have subscribed are very good.

CHAPTER VIII.

OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

THE interrogative pronouns are in English these three: who, which, and what; they are expressed in Spanish as follow:

Rule 74. Que, el qual, la qual; who, which, what.

When the word which is interrogatively used, it is always expressed in Spanish by que or qual for the singuJar, and que and quales for the plural. Example:

¿Qual de esos caballos me aconseja vm. de comprar ? Which of these horses do you advise me to buy? ¿Con qual de mis hermanas quiere vmd. casarse ? Which of my sisters do you wish to marry?

¿Quales de estos hombres ilustres estíma vm. mas? Which of those illustrious men do you esteem best?

Aquellos que han sido menos barbaros.

Those who have been less barbarous.

Rule 75. Que? What?

When the interrogative pronoun what signifies what thing, it is expressed in Spanish by que. Example: Que le ha sucedido? What has happened to you? ¿Que censura vm. en esta obra ? What do you blame in this work?

CHAPTER IX.

OF THE DIFFERENT SORTS OF INTERROGATIONS.

Rule 76. Interrogations made with donde, adonde, cómo.

BESIDES the interrogative pronouns of which we have. treated before, a question may be asked with the following adverbs: quanto? how much? how many? cómo? how? porque? for what? or, what for? donde ? where? de donde? from whence? &c. Example:

¿Quantos caballos tiene vm ? How many horses have you got? ¿Como está su padre hoy?

How does your father do to-day.

¿Porque no me responde um? Why do you not answer me? ¿Porque me habla vm. Ingles ? ~

Why do you speak English to me?

¿Quando abandonará vm. su pereza ? When will you forsake your laziness? ¿Quanto tiempo? How long?

Rule 77. The pronouns yo, tu, el, nosotros, vosotros, and ellos, &c. go after the verb in an interrogation. When the following pronouns, yo, tu, el, &c. are the

nominative case of a verb interrogatively used, they are placed immediately after it or its auxiliary; but in the Spanish language, the common way of speaking among polite people is to speak by the third person singular instead of the second person plural, as the following example will show :

¿Ha estádo vm. indispuesto hoy? Have you been ill to-day?

¿Ha aprendido vm. la lengua Italiana? Have you learnt the Italian language?

Rule 78. In an interrogation the substantive always follows the verb in Spanish.

When a substantive or any of the following pronouns -este, m. esta, f. esto, n. this; ese, m. esa, f. eso, n. that; ninguno, m. ninguna, f. nádie, nobody; alguien, algun, m. alguna, f. somebody; or nada, nothing-are the nominative case to a verb interrogatively used, these words generally follow the verb. Example:

¿Es eso bueno de comér? Is that good to eat? ¿Ha preguntúdo alguien por mi?

Did any body ask for me?

Rule 79. Es? Is that? No es? Is not that?

In English the demonstrative pronouns this or that for the singular, and these or those for the plural, are put before the possessive pronouns my, his, your, their, when questioning to whom such or such thing belongs. Those sorts of interrogations are expressed in Spanish by es; or, if the sentence is negative, by no es. Example:

¿Es ese su sombrero? Is that your hat?
¿No es esa su casa? Is not that your house?:
¿No son estas señoritas muy lindas?

Are not those ladies very pretty?