στρο-, § 385), to strew, F. στορῶ and στρώσω, Α. ἐστόρεσα and ἔστρωσα, Ρί. Ρ. ἔστρωμαι, Α. Ρ. ἐστρώθην.

§ 415. E. Addition of ισκ.

γεγωνέω and γεγωνίσκω (r. γων-, γεγων-, § 403, γεγωνε, § 408, γεγωνισκ-), to call aloud, F. γεγωνήσω, Α. ἐγεγώνησα, 2 ΡΓ. γέγωνα, Subj. γεγώνω, Imp. γέγωνε (§ 369).

εὑρίσκω (τ. ευρω), to find, F. ευρήσω (§ 357), 2 Α. εὗρον or ηὗρον (§ 312. 3), Ρί. εὕρηκα, Ρί. Ρ. εὕρημαι, Α. Ρ. εΰρέθην (§ 353), 2 Α. Μ. εὑρόμην and, less Attic, 1 Α. Μ. εύ ράμην.

στερέω and στερίσκω (r. στερ-), to deprive, F. στερήσω, Α. ἐστέρησα, Ρί. ἐστέρηκα, Ρf. Ρ. ἐστέρημαι, 1 Α. Ρ. ἐστερήθην, 2 Α. P. Part., poetic, στερείς. Mid. στέρομαι, to want.

§ 416. F. Addition of Other Syllables.

δαμάζω (r. δαμ-), to subdue, F. δαμάσω, A. ἐδάμασα, 1 A. P. ἐδαμάσθην and, poetic, ἐδμήθην (§ 359), 2 A. P. poetic, ἐδάμην. Mid. poetic, δάμναμαι (§§ 407, 398, δ).

ἕλκω (r. ἑλκ-, ἕλκυ-), to draw, F. ἕλξω, Α. εἵλκυσα (§ 314), εἵλκυκα, ΡΓ. Ρ. εἵλκυσμαι, Α. Ρ. εἱλκύσθην.

Pf.

ἐρωτάω (r. ἐρ-), to ask, F. ἐρωτήσω and ερήσομαι (§ 357), Α. ἠρώτησα, ΡΓ. ἠρώτηκα, Pf. Ρ. ἠρώτημαι, Α. Ρ. ἠρωτήθην, 2 Α. Μ. ηρόμην.

ἐσθίω and, poetic, ἔσθω or ἔδω (r. ἐδ-, ἐσθ-, §§ 402, 77, ἐσθι-), to eat, Γ. ἔδομαι (§ 330. 2), Pf. ἐδήδοκα, Pf. Ρ. ἐδήδεσμαι (§ 358), Α. Ρ. ἠδέσθην· 2 Α. ἔφαγον (τ. φαγ-, § 420).

ἔχθω, ἐχθαίρω, and ἐχθραίνω (τ. εχθ-), to hate, poetic, F. ἐχθαρῶ, Α. ήχθηρα.

λάζομαι and λάζυμαι (r. λαβ-, λαζ-, § 396, 9, λαζυ-), poetic for λαμβάνω (§ 410), to take.

ὀλέκω (r. ὀλ-), poetic for ὄλλυμι (§ 414), to destroy.

φλέγω and, poetic, φλεγέθω, to burn, F. φλέξω, Α. ἔφλεξα, Α. Ρ. ἐφλέχθην.

§ 417. 3. EXCHANGE OF LETTERS.

In the two following verbs, o passes into & aspirated (§ 64).

ε

ἔπω (r. σπ-, ἑπ-), to be occupied with, Impf. εἶπον (§ 314), Γ. ἔψω, 2 Α. ἔσπον, Subj. σπῶ, &c. Mid. ἕπομαι, to follow,

Impf. sinóuny, F. youai, 2 A. (aspirated in imitation of the present) éσлóμny, Subj. σлãμαι, &c.

The active re scarcely occurs except in composition.

ἔχω and ἴσχω (r. σχ-, έχω, έχω, § 386, ἰσχ-, §§ 403. 3, 386), to have, to hold, Impf. εἶχον and ἶσχον, F. έξω and σχήσω (§ 357); 2 Α. ἔσχον, Subj. σχῶ, Opt. σχοίην (§ 332. 2), Imp. ozés (oxɛ-, § 408; compare 9, s, § 337. 2), and rarely, in composition, oxέ, Inf. oxɛiv, Part. ozov 2 A. poetic, uzεov (§ 376, δ) ; Ρf. ἔσχηκα, Pf. Ρ. ἔσχημαι, Α. Ρ. ἐσχέθην, 2 Α. Μ. ἐσχόμην.

In the sense to have, the forms "x and w are preferred; in the sense to hold, ἴσχω and σχήσω (§ 382. 2).

C. ANOMALOUS CHANGES.

418. Among the changes in the root which may be referred to special anomaly, are the following.

I. A few verbs have both a lingual and a palatal characteristic; as,

od and go (r. ¿qd-, ¿oy-, gey-, § 385), to do, poetic and Ionic, F. ἔρξω and ῥέξω, Α. ἔρξα, and ἔρδεξα or ἔρεξα (observe the augment).

παίζω (r. παιδ-, παιγ-), to play, F. παίξομαι, παιξοῦμαι (§ 326. 3), Α. ἔπαισα, Ρί. Ρ. πέπαισμαι.

$419. II. The following verbs have a double root in and v, or in o and v.

ῥέω (τ. ρε-, φυ-), to flow, F. ρεύσομαι (§ 352) and φυήσομαι (§ 357), Α. ἔρρευσα, Ρ. ἐρρύηκα, 2 Α. Ρ. ἐβούην.

χέω (r. χε-, χυ-), to pour, F. χέω (§ 326. 2), Α. έχει (§ 327) and, rarely, xvoa, Pf. P. xézvμaι, A. P. ¿xúðŋv, 2 A. M. poetic, ἐχύμην.

σόομαι and σεύομαι (r. σο-, συ-, σεν-, § 391), to hasten, to rush on, poetic, A. P. ἐσύθην and ἐσσύθην, 2 Α. Μ. ἐσύμην and ἐσσύμην (observe the augment).

$ 420. III. Forms are sometimes associated, which must be referred to roots originally distinct (§ 382); thus,

1. αἱρέω (r. αἱρε-), to choose, to take, F. αἱρήσω, Pf. ᾕρηκα, Pf. Ρ. χρημαι, Α. Ρ. ᾑρέθην (§ 353); 2 Α. εἷλον (r. έλ-, § 314), 2 Α. Μ. εἱλόμην. In the simple sense to take, the passive is commonly supplied by ἁλίσκομαι (r. άλο-, άλισκ-, § 400), Impf. ἡλισκόμην, Γ. ἁλώσομαι, 2 Α. ἑάλων (α) and ἥλων (§ 313. 2), Subj. αλῶ, &c., Pf. εάλωκα and ἥλωκα.

2. ἀνέχομαι, to endure, a compound of ἔχω (§ 417), F. ἀνέξομαι and ανασχήσομαι, 2 Α. ἠνεσχόμην (§ 319); F. τλήσομαι (r. τλα-), 2 Α. ἔτλην (§ 376), ΡΓ. τέτληκα.

3. ἔρχομαι (r. ἐρχ-), to go, to come, Imp. ἠρχόμην F. ἐλεύσομαι (r. ἐλυθ-, ἐλευθ-, § 391), 2 Α. ήλυθον, commonly ἦλθον (§ 376, α), 2 Ρf. ἐλήλυθα (§ 316. 2). The present (except in the indicative), the imperfect, and the future are commonly supplied by the verb εἶμι (§§ 306, 366).

4. δράω (r. δρα-), to see, Impf. εώρων (§ 313), Pf. ἑώρακα, Ρ. Ρ. ἑώραμαι· F. ὄψομαι (r. όπ-), Ρ. Ρ. ὦμμαι, Α. Ρ. ὤφθην, 2 Pf. poetic and Ionic, ὄπωπα· 2 Α. εἶδον (r. ἰδ-, εἰδ-, § 390), Subj. ἴδω, &c., 2 Α. Μ. εἰδόμην, Subj. ἴδωμαι, &c. ; 2 Pr. οἶδα, (I have seen) I know (§ 303); Mid., poetic, είδομαι, to seem, to resemble.

NOTES. a. In the second aorist, the augment unites with the initial, to form the diphthong “.

β. In the preteritive οἶδα, the root has four forms; viz.

(1.) ίδα; ἴσμεν, ἴστε, ἴσθι, ἴστω, &c.

(2.) εἶδα ; εἰδέναι, εἰδώς, ᾔδειν, εἴσομαι.

See § 370.

(3.) oid- (§ 378); oïda, dioda, &c. See § 371.

(4.) είδε (§ 408); (εἰδέω) εἰδῶ, εἰδείην, εἰδήσω (rare), εἴδησα (late).

5. τρέχω (r. θρεχ, τρεχ-, § 386), to run, F. θρέξομαι, commonly δραμοῦμαι (r. δραμ-), 1 A. ἔθρεξα, commonly 2 Α. ἔδραμον, Ρf. δεδράμηκα (§ 357), Pf. P. δεδράμημαι.

6. φέρω (τ. φερ-), to bear, F. οἴσω (r. oi-), Γ. Μ. οἴσομαι, Γ. Ρ. οισθήσομαι, poetic 2 A. Imp., with the tense-sign of the first aorist, οἶσε· 1 Α. ἤνεγκα (r. ἐνεκ-, ἐνεγκ-, § 397), 2 Α. ἤνεγκον, Α. Μ. ήνεγκάμην, Ρ. ἐνήνοχα (§ 373, γ), Ρr. Ρ. ἐνήνε γμαι, Α. Ρ. ἠνέχθην, F. Ρ. ἐνεχθήσομαι.

The aorists x and y are both common in the first person singular of the indicative, and in the optative; but in the second person singular of the imperative, in the infinitive, and in the participle, the forms of "vyxov are preferred ; and, elsewhere, those of ἤνεγκα.

7. φημί and φάσκω (r. φα-, φασκ-, § 399), to say, to afirm,

Γ. ἐρῶ (r. ἐ-, §ε-, § 335), Ρί. εἴρηκα (§ 316), 1 A. εἶπα (r. εἰπ.), 2 Α. εἶπον. See §§ 303, 363.

pnea, and the middle For the use of the

The forms of άoxw, with the future now, the aorist voice, have commonly the strengthened sense, to affirm. imperfect ony, with which the infinitive páva is usually connected in sense, see The first aorist infinitive ra and participle as are not used by

$380. 3.

the Attics.

8. ὠνέομαι (r. ὠνε-), to buy, ὠνήσομαι, Ρί. ἐώνημαι, Α. Ρ. (§ 299 ; r. πρια-).

Impf. ἐωνούμην (§ 313. 2), Γ. ἐωνήθην. 2 Α. Μ. ἐπριάμην

CHAPTER XIII.

THE QUANTITY AND ACCENT OF THE VERB.

A. QUANTITY.

421. I. In the TERMINATIONS of the verb, the doubtful vowels are short, except a before o, in the place of v.

Thus, σᾶ, σᾶς, σαμεν, καμεν, κατε, σάμην, σάμεθα, μί, σί, ουσί, οιμι · (ναι) αοϊ, (κα-νσι) κασι, (σα-ντς) σᾶς, (σα-ντσα) σᾶσα (S$ 279-282). See §§ 83, 96.

II. BEFORE the OPEN TERMINATIONS,

1. α

is short, except in iaoua, to heal, xuw, and xlāw (§ 388. 3).

2. is commonly long; thus, xoviw, to cover with dust, лi∞ (§ 402). But αΐω (ί; § 314. 4), ἐσθίω (§ 416); δέδια 308); πιομαι, ἔπτον (§ 398).

ບ

3. v is variable; thus, avvo (§ 393, f), danguw, to weep, θύω (§ 353), κωλύω, to hinder; ἐῤῥθην

419).

§ 422. III. Before the REGULAR CLOSE TER

MINATIONS,

a. In lingual and liquid verbs, the doubtful vowels are short;

thus, ὀνομάσω, ὠνομᾶκα, ἔπᾶσα, ἔβλίσα (§ 396); κομίσω, κεκόμικα (§290); κλύζω, to rinse, F. κλύσω, Α. ἔκλυσα· τέτακα, ἐτάθην (§ 389); κέκρικα, κέκρῖμαι (§ 350); πέπλυμαι (§ 391). Except βρέθω, τo weigh down, F. βρίσω, Α. ἔβρισα.

6. In pure verbs,

1. a is short, except when the theme ends in a pure, or ραω ; thus, σπάσω, ἔσπᾶκα (§ 353); ἐσκέδασα, γελᾶσομαι (§ 354); but, εἰᾶσα, θηρᾶσω, ἀκροᾶσομαι (§ 351).

2. ι is commonly long ; thus, κονίω (§ 421. 2), F. κονίσω, Pf. Ρ. κεκόντμαι. But ἔφθίμαι, ἐφθίμην, and, in the Attic poets, φθίσω, ἔφθῖσα (§ 393).

3. v is variable; thus, F. ἀνύσω, δακρύσω (§ 421. 3). See, also, Jiw (§ 353) and zew ($ 419).

OF

§ 423. IV. Before the TERMINATIONS VERBS IN μ, the doubtful vowels are short, except in the indicative singular of the present and imperfect active, and in the second aorist active. $ 360.

V. Before a CHARACTERISTIC CONSONANT,

See

1. In the theme, a is commonly short, but and v, long; thus, λαμβάνω, μανθάνω (§ 410); κλίνω (§ 390); ἀλγύνω, ὀδύρομαι (§ 391). But ἱκανω (§ 411), τίνω, φθίνω Epic, φθίνω Attic (398).

2. In the liquid future, and in the second aorist, the doubtful vowels are short, but in the liquid aorist, and in the second perfect, they are long; thus, κρίνω, πλυνῶ, ἔκρῖνα, ἔπλῦνα (§ 81); καθάρω, ἐκάθαρα (§ 338); ἔλᾶβον, ἔθίγον, ἐπυθόμην (§ 410); ἐπάγην, ἐμίγην, ἐζύγην (§ 413); λέλακα, κέκρῖγα, μέσ μύκα (§ 378. 2).

Except 2 A. layn, Attic, să ̄yn, Epic (§ 413). See, also, § 378. 2, Exc.

B. ACCENT.

§ 424. Verbs are accented as far back as the general rules of accent permit (§§ 107, 108), with the following exceptions.