Art. 12. There shall likewise be immediate restitution made, conformable to the general amnesty regulated and agreed by the second article, to such of the inhabitants of Livonia, Esthonia, and the island of Oesel, who may during this war have joined the king of Sweden, together with all their effects, lands, and houses, which have been confiscated and given to others, as well in the towns of these provinces, as in those of Nerva and Wybourg, notwithstanding they may have passed during the said war by inheritance or otherwise into other hands, without any exception or restraint, even though the proprietors should be actually in Sweden, either as prisoners or otherwise; and such restitution shall take place so soon as each person is re-naturalized by his respective government, and produces his documents relating to his right; on the other hand, these proprietors shall by no means lay claim to, or pretend to any part of, the revenues, which may have been received by those who were in possession in consequence of the confiscation, nor to any other compensation for their losses in the war or otherwise. And all persons, who are thus put in re-possession of their effects and lands, shall be obliged to do homage to his czarish majesty, their present sovereign, and further to behave themselves as faithful vassals and subjects; and when they have taken the usual oath of allegiance, they shall be at liberty to leave their own country to go and live in any other, which is in alliance and friendship with the Russian empire, as also to enter into the service of neutral powers, or to continue therein, if already engaged, as they shall think proper. On the other hand, in regard to those who do not choose to do homage to his czarish majesty, they shall be allowed the space of three years from the publication of the peace, to sell or dispose of their effects, lands, and all belonging to them, to the best advantage, without paying any more than is paid by every other person, agreeably to the laws and statutes of the country. And if hereafter it should happen that an inheritance should devolve to any person according to the laws of the country, and that such person shall not as yet have taken the oath of allegiance to his czarish majesty, he shall in such case be obliged to take the same at the time of entering on the possession of his inheritance, otherwise to sell off all his effects in the space of one year. Also those who have advanced money on lands in Livonia, Esthonia, and the island of Oesel, and have lawful security for the same, shall enjoy their mortgages peaceably, until both capital and interest are discharged; on the other hand, the mortgagees shall not claim any interests, which expired during the war, and which have not been demanded or paid; but those who in either of these cases have the administration of the said effects, shall be obliged to do homage to his czarish majesty. This likewise extends to all those who remain in his czarish majesty's dominions, and who shall have the same liberty to dispose of their effects in Sweden, and in those countries which have been surrendered to that crown by this peace Moreover, the subjects of each of the reconciled powers shall be mutually supported in all their lawful claims and demands, whether on the public, or on individuals within the dominions of the two powers, and immediate justice shall be done them, so that every person may be reinstated in the possession of what justly belongs to him. Art. 13. All contributions in money shall from the signing of this treaty cease in the grand duchy of Finland, which his czarish majesty by the fifth article of this treaty cedes to his Swedish majesty and the kingdom of Sweden; on the other hand, the duchy of Finland shall furnish his czarish majesty's troops with the necessary provisions and forage gratis, until they shall have entirely evacuated the said duchy, on the same footing as has been practised heretofore; and his czarish majesty shall prohibit and forbid, under the severest penalties, the dislodging any ministers or peasants of the Finnish nation, contrary to their inclinations, or that the least injury be done to them. In consideration of which, and as it will be permitted his czarish majesty, upon evacuating the said countries and towns, to take with him his great and small cannon, with their carriages and other appurtenances, and the magazines and other warlike stores which he shall think fit. The inhabitants shall furnish a sufficient number of horses and wagons as far as the frontiers: and also, if the whole of this cannot be executed according to the stipulated terms, and that any part of such artillery, &c. is necessitated to be left behind, then and in such cases, that which is so left shall be properly taken care of, and afterwards delivered to his czarish majesty's deputies, whenever it shall be agreeable to them, and likewise be transported to the frontiers in manner as above. If his czarish majesty's troops shall have found and sent out of the country any deeds or papers belonging to the grand duchy of Finland, strict search shall be made for the same, and all of them that can be found shall be faithfully restored to deputies of his Swedish majesty. Art. 14. All the prisoners on each side, of whatsoever nation, rank, and condition, shall be set at liberty immediately after the ratification of this treaty, without any ransom; at the same time every prisoner shall either pay or give sufficient security for the payment of all debts by them contracted. The prisoners on each side shall be furnished with the necessary horses and wagons gratis during the time allotted for their return home, in proportion to the distance from the frontiers. In regard to such prisoners, who shall have sided with one or the other party, or who shall choose to settle in the dominions of either of the two powers, they shall have full liberty so to do without restriction: and this liberty shall likewise extend to all those who have been compelled to serve either party during the war, who may in like manner remain where they are, or return home except such who have voluntarily embraced the Greek religion, in compliance to his czarish majesty; for which purpose each party shall order that the edicts be published and made known in their respective dominions. Art. 15. His majesty the king, and the republic of Poland, as allies to his czarish majesty, are expressly comprehended in this treaty of peace, and have equal right thereto, as if the treaty of peace between them and the crown of Sweden had been inserted here at full length; to which purpose all hostilities whatsoever shall cease in general throughout all the kingdoms, countries, and patrimonies belonging to the two reconciled parties, whether situated within or out of the Roman empire, and there shall be a solid and lasting peace established between the two aforesaid powers. And as no plenipotentiary on the part of his Polish majesty and the republic of Poland has assisted at this treaty of peace, held at Nystadt, and that consequently they could not at one and the same time renew the peace by a solemn treaty between his majesty the king of Poland and the crown of Sweden; his majesty the king of Sweden does therefore engage and promise, that he will send plenipotentiaries to open the conferences as soon as a place shall be appointed for the said meeting, in order to conclude, through the mediation of his czarish majesty, a lasting peace between the two crowns, provided nothing is therein contained which may be prejudicial to this treaty of perpetual peace made with his czarish majesty. Art. 16. A free trade shall be regulated and established as soon as possible, which shall subsist both by sea and land between the two powers, their dominions, subjects, and inhabitants, by means of a separate treaty on this head, to the good and advantage of their respective dominions; and in the mean time the subjects of Russia and Sweden shall have leave to trade freely in the empire of Russia and kingdom of Sweden, so soon as the treaty of peace is ratified, after paying the usual duties on the several kinds of merchandise; so that the subjects of Russia and Sweden shall reciprocally enjoy the same privileges and prerogatives as are enjoyed by the closest friends of either of the said states. Art. 17. Restitution shall be made on both sides, after the ratification of the peace, not only of the magazines which were before the commencement of the war established in certain trading towns belonging to the two powers, but also liberty shall be reciprocally granted to the subjects of his czarish majesty and the king of Sweden to establish magazines in the towns, harbours, and other places subject to both or either of the said powers. Art. 18. If any Swedish ships of war or merchant vessels shall have the misfortune to be wrecked or cast away by stress of weather, or any other accident, on the coasts and harbonrs of Russia, his czarish majesty's subjects shall be obliged to give them all aid and assistance in their power to save their rigging and effects, and faithfully to restore whatever may be drove on shore, if demanded, provided they are properly rewarded. And the subjects of his majesty the king of Sweden shall do the same in regard to such Russian ships and effects as may have the 'misfortune to be wrecked or otherwise lost on the coasts of Sweden: for which purpose, and to prevent all ill treatment, robbing and plundering, which commonly happens on such melancholy occasions, his czarish majesty and the king of Sweden will cause a most rigorous prohibition to be issued, and all who shall be found transgressing in this point shall be punished on the spot. Art. 19. And to prevent all possible cause or oc casion of misunderstanding between the two par ties, in relation to sea affairs, they have concluded and determined that any Swedish ships of war, of whatever number or size, that shall hereafter pass by any of his czarish majesty's forts or castles, shall salute the same with their cannon, which compliment shall be directly returned in the same manner by the Russian fort or castle; and, vice versa, any Russian ships of war, of whatever number or size, that shall hereafter pass by any fort or castle belonging to bis Swedish majesty. shall salute the same with a discharge of their cannon, which compliment shall be instantly returned in the same manner by the Swedish fort; and in case any one or more Swedish and Russian ships shall meet at sea, or in a harbour or elsewhere, they shall salute each other with a common discharge, as is usually practised on such occasions between the ships of Sweden and Denmark. Art. 20. It is mutually agreed between the two powers no longer to defray the expenses of the ministers of the two powers, as has been done hitherto; but their representative ministers, plenipotentiaries, and envoys, shali hereafter defray their own expenses and those of their own attendants, as well on their journey, as during their stay and back to their respective places of residence. On the other hand, either of the two parties, on receiving timely notice of the arrival of an envoy, shall order that their subjects give them all the assistance that may be neccessary to escort them safe on their journey. Art. 21. His majesty the king of Sweden does on his part comprehend his majesty the king of Great Britain in this treaty of peace, reserving only the differences subsisting between their czarish and his Britannic majesties, which they shall im mediately endeavour to terminate in a friendly manner; and such other powers, who shall be named by the two reconciled parties within the space of three months, shall likewise be included in this treaty of peace. Art. 22. In case any misunderstanding shall hereafter arise between the states and subjects of Sweden and Russia, it shall by no means prejudice this treaty of perpetual peace; which shall nevertheless always be and remain in full force agreeable to its intent, and commissaries shall without delay be appointed on each side to inquire into and adjust all disputes. Art. 23. All those who have been guilty of high treason, murder, theft, and other crimes, and those who deserted from Sweden to Russia, and from Russia to Sweden, either singly or with their wives and children, shall be immediately sent back, provided the complaining party of the country, from whence they made their escape, shall think fit to recall them, let them be of what nation soever, and in the same condition as they were at their arrival, together with their wives and children, as likewise with all they had stolen, plundered, or taken away with them in their flight. Art. 24. The exchange of the ratifications of this treaty of peace, shall be reciprocally made at Nystadt within the space of three weeks after the day of signing the same, or sooner if possible. In witness whereof, two copies of this treaty, exactly corresponding with each other, have been drawn up, and confirmed by the plenipotentiary ministers on each side, in virtue of the authority they have received from their respective sovereigns; which copies they have signed with their own hands, and sealed with their own seals. Done at Nystadt, this 30th day of August, in the year of our Lord 1721. O. S. No one can be ignorant that it has been a constant and invariable custom among the monarchs of all Christian states, to cause their consorts to be crowned, and that the same is at present practised, and hath frequently been in former times by those emperors who professed the holy faith of the Greek church; to wit, by the emperor Basilides, who caused his wife Zenobia to be crowned; the emperor Justinian, his wife Lucipina; the emperor Heraclius, his wife Martina; the emperor Leo, the philosopher, his wife Mary; and many others, who have in like manner placed the imperial crown on the head of their consorts, and whom it would be too tedious here to enumerate. It is also well known to every one how much we have exposed our person, and faced the greatest dangers, for the good of our country, during the one and twenty years course of the late war, which we have by the assistance of God terminated in so honourable and advantageous a manner, that Russia hath never beheld such a peace, nor ever acquired so great glory as in the late war. Now the empress Catherine, our dearly beloved wife, having greatly comforted and assisted us during the said war, and also in several other our expedients, wherein she voluntarily and cheerfully accompanied us, assisting us with her counsel and advice in every exigence, notwithstanding the weakness of her sex, particularly in the battle against the Turks, on the banks of the river Pruth, wherein our army was reduced to twenty thousand men, while that of the Turks amounted to two hundred and seventy thousand, and on which desperate occasion she signalized herself in a particular manner, by a courage and presence of mind superior to her sex, which is well known to all our army, and to the whole Russian empire: therefore, for these reasons, and in virtue of the power which God has given us, we have resolved to honour our said consort Catherine with the imperial crown, as a reward for her painful services ; and we propose, God willing, that this ceremony shali be performed the ensuing winter at Moscow. And we do hereby give notice of this our resolution to all who are faithful subjects, in favour of whom our imperial affection is unalterable. OLIVER CROMWELL. In the introduction to this work it has been explicitly stated, that though from the era of the Norman conquest there were never wanting bands of mercenary soldiers to occupy the castles and fortified towns belonging to the king, no traces of a standing army, similar in its composition to those which now exist throughout the whole of Europe, can be discovered in this country prior to the middle of the 17th century. Down to that date, wars, whether of defence or conquest, were carried on either by the feudal militia, or by troops raised under a commission of array; which, being enrolled for some particular service, were, on its conclusion, disbanded, and sent again to their own homes. The great struggle between Charles I. and his parliament led, almost unavoidably, to a different arrangement. Though begun, and to a certain extent concluded, by the yeomen of the counties and the trained bands of cities, that contest may be said to have produced a new order in the body politic; for the men who waged it successfully, becoming soldiers by profession, laid aside neither their arms nor their discipline after peace was restored. As a necessary consequence a standing army sprang up, the first, indeed, which England had ever maintained; nor from that era to the present time have circumstances permitted that an engine so powerful in itself, yet so eminently conducive to tranquillity, should be laid aside. Of this vital change in the military system of his country, the reader need scarcely be informed that Oliver Cromwell was the author. Raised to the highest eminence by the influence of the soldiery, that extraordinary man found himself compelled, not merely to depend upon them for continued support, but to keep them in such a condition as that the check of military discipline should never for a moment be relaxed. Of him, therefore, one of the most profound statesmen as well as successful soldiers whom England has ever produced, we propose to give an account; avoiding as far as possible all speculations on points purely religious or political, that we may bring more prominently into notice his exploits and tactics as a great military commander. Oliver Cromwell was born at Huntingdon on the 25th of April, 1599. Both by father's and mother's side his family was respectable, for he was the son of Robert, the grandson of sir Henry, a great-grandson of sir Richard Cromwell; the last a Welsh gentleman of an ancient stock, who exchanged the name of Williams for that of Crom well, on his marriage with a sister of Thomas earl of Essex.* His mother again claimed, upon ground far from fanciful, to be a scion of the royal tree of Stuart. She was the daughter of Walter Stewart, of the isle of Ely, a lineal descendant, according to North, from James I., lord high steward of Scotland, and a cousin, not very distantly removed, of Charles, the unfortunate opponent of his grandson. Other genealogies are indeed given, some of them more, some less gratifying to the family pride of the protector; but they all agree in attesting, that with the blood of the monarch, whom he ultimately dethroned, that of Cromwell was allied. With this admitted fact before us, it is not easy to suppress a smile at the anxiety evinced by the personal and political enemies of the protector, to undervalue even the lineage of their great oppressor. One of the favourite sarcasms thrown out against him is, that he was the son of a brewer, and that in his own person he followed the same humble occupation. There seems good ground for admitting that both assertions are correct, though there is surely none, in a country like England, for regarding the facts as disgraceful; unless, indeed, the disgrace attach to the individuals by whom they were brought forward in a spirit of paltry because posthumous hostility. The father of Oliver, being a second son, was somewhat slenderly provided for. He endeavoured to improve his circumstances by embarking in business, a measure the reverse of discreditable either to his judgment or his gentility; and he succeeded, as the representatives of many of the first families in the nation have done, both before and since, in obtaining an honest livelihood by exercising an honest trade. This, as it is by far the most satisfactory, is likewise the most manly reply that can be offered to the supposed calumny; for the insinuations of such as would shift the opprobrium from the shoul ders of the husband to those of the wife, are not more hollow in argument than they are despicable in design. There are many curious anecdotes on record *To the policy of Henry VII. the general adoption of surnames by the Welsh families is owing. Partly with a view to blot out all remembrance of national distinctions, and partly that the business of the courts of law might be facilitated, that politic monarch prevailed upon his Cambrian subjects to drop their original patronymic, ap. Morgan ap William, or the son of William, became henceforth Morgan Williams; though, in the particular case before us, a Morgan ap William was persuaded to assume the name of Cromwell. 127 relative both to the childhood and early youth of Oliver Cromwell. It is stated that on one occasion, when his uncle sir Henry Cromwell sent for him, he being then an infant, a monkey snatched him from the cradle, leaped with him through a garret window, and ran along the leads. The utmost alarm was of course excited, and a variety of devices proposed, with the desperate hope of relieving him from his perilous situation. But the monkey, as if conscious that she bore the fortune of England in her paws, treated him very gently. After amusing herself for a time, she carried the infant back, and laid him safely on the bed from whence she had removed him. Some time later, the waters had well nigh quenched his aspiring genius. He fell into a deep pond, from which a clergyman, named Johnson, rescued him. Many years afterwards the loyal curate, then an old man, was recognised by the republican general, when marching at the head of a victorious army through Huntingdon. "Do you remember that day when you saved me from drowning?" said Cromwell, "I do," replied the clergyman; "and I wish with all my soul that I had put you in, rather than see you in arms against your sovereign." A third story we cannot refuse to give, because it made a more than common impression at the time. There was a rumour prevalent in Huntingdon, that Oliver Cromwell and Charles I., when children nearly of the same age, met at Hinchinbrooke House, the seat of sir Oliver Cromwell, the uncle and godfather of the former. "The youths had not been long together," says Noble, "before Charles and Oliver disagreed; and as the former was then as weakly as the latter was strong, it was no wonder that the royal visitant was worsted; and Oliver, even at this age, so little regarded dignities, that he made the royal blood flow in copious streams from the prince's nose. This," adds the same author, "was looked upon as a bad presage for that king, when the civil wars commenced."* It seems to have been the wish of his mother, by whom he was greatly beloved, to bestow upon Oliver an education strictly domestic; and a Mr. Long, a clergyman of the established church, was accordingly engaged to act as his private tutor. Mr. Long, however, who possessed little influence over his pupil, soon resigned his charge; upon which Oliver was placed in the free grammar school at Huntingdon, then taught by Dr. Thomas Beard. Very various and contradictory accounts are given of his progress under his new master. A foreign writer, who delights in the marvellous, has represented the future protector as a prodigy of *The account of this pugilistic encounter between Charles and Cromwell is, to say the least of it, by no means improbable. It is well known that sir Oliver, a true and loyal knight, sumptuously entertained king James on more than one occasion; and the young prince, being twice, at least, of the party, such a falling out is not unlikely to have occured. learning; while of his countrymen not a few speak of him as an incorrigible dunce, as well as a rebellious and headstrong reprobate. The truth appears to be, that with a more than ordinary share of quickness, Oliver took no particular delight in the routine of his scholastic studies, though he was ever foremost in the performances of such exploits as required the exercise of reckless daring or patient courage. There was not an orchard within seven miles of the town which failed to receive from him periodical visits; while the dovecotes of the neighbouring gentry were likewise laid under contribution, as often as a marauding party could be arranged. For these misdeeds, as well as for other delinquencies, he received, when detected, the most savage chastisement; Dr. Beard's reputation standing very high, not more on account of his great learning, than on account of the severe discipline which he maintained among his scholars. Nevertheless, such excessive harshness produced no good effect upon Cromwell. Of a bold and obstinate temper, he endured these merciless floggings without the utterance of a complaint, and returned to his former habits, not only with indifference, but with a dogged, and, as it appeared, a triumphant hardihood. While a pupil atthis school,two circumstances are related to have taken place, to one of which, after he rose to his high estate, Cromwell himself frequently reverted. "On a certain night, as he lay awake in his bed, he beheld, or imagined that he beheld, a gigantic figure, which, drawing aside the curtains, told him that he should become the greatest person in the kingdom, but did not employthe wordking." Cromwell mentioned the circumstance both to his father and his uncle; the former of whom caused Dr. Beard to reward the communication with a sound flogging, while the latter rebuked his nephew for stating that "which it was too traitorous to relate" Nevertheless, the dream or vision adhered to Oliver's memory, and was, as we have just said, often reverted to, after events had worked out its exact accomplishment. On another occasion, whether prior to the occurrence of the vision or the reverse, authorities are not agreed, a play called "Lingua, or the Combat of the Five Senses for Superiority," was enacted in the school. In this quaint but striking masque, of which the author remains unknown, though the comedy itself was printed in 1607, it fell to the lot of Cromwell to perform the part of Tactus, a personification of the sense of touch, who coming forth from his tiring-room with a chaplet of flowers on his head, stumbled over a crown and royal robe, cast purposely in the way. The soliloquy into which Tactus breaks forth is certainly very striking:- Tactus, thy sneezing somewhat did portend. To break his shins at such a stumbling-block? |