Four principal events of modern history Long historical preparation of these events Agency of individuals not to be undervalued Theories in respect to the Reformation That it was a new phase of the old conflict of Popes and Emperors 4 That it was a transitional step towards Rationalism The Reformation primarily a religious event Judaizing character of medieval Christianity: constant reaction It practically asserted the right of private judgment Two-fold aspect of the Reformation—religious, and political or THE RISE OF THE PAPAL HIERARCHY AND ITS DECLINE THROUGH THE CENTRALIZATION OF NATIONS. Causes of the precedence of the See of Rome Acknowledged in the East, because Rome is the capital; claimed Accession of Constantine (311); Church not merged in the State, Power of the Emperors over the Church Hildebrand (1073-1085) and his reforming plan: theory of the Advantages of the Papacy in this conflict Victory of the Popes; Henry IV.; the Worms Concordat (1122); Culmination of Papal power; Innocent III. (1198–1216) Rise of the spirit of nationalism; its various manifestations Benefits of the Papacy in the Middle Ages; approach of another era CONTENTS. Declining prestige of the Papacy; the Babylonian captivity (1309-1377). . Character of the Papacy at Avignon; Petrarch's testimony The Monarchists against the Papists xi 38 Attacks upon Papal usurpations by writers; Marsilius of Padua The Gallican or constitutional theory; the Reforming Councils Increasing sway of national and secular, in the room of ecclesias- tical feelings, in the fifteenth century Consolidation of monarchies; England, France, Spain Secular and worldly character of the Popes Sixtus IV. (1471-84); Innocent VIII. (1484-92); Alexander VI. Character of Leo X. (1513–21); judgment of Sarpi, Pallavicini, Muratori, Guicciardini . The concessions to them from Princes more apparent than real . 48 An illustration in the repeal of the Pragmatic Sanction (1516) Domination of secular and political interests, seen in the contests of Charles V. and Francis I. . The development of nationalism and the secularizing of the Pa- Medieval Christianity characterized by legalism Forms of reaction against it: dissent from dogmas; attacks on The Mystics; character of Mysticism Mysticism among the Schoolmen; Bernard, Bonaventura John Tauler (1290-1361); the "German Theology" The Revival of Learning; begins in Italy, Dante (1265–1321); Spread of the literary spirit; consequences to the Church Benefits and faults of Scholasticism; causes of its downfall It had lost its vitality; effect of Nominalism Renewed study of the Fathers and of the Scriptures Sceptical spirit of Humanism in Italy; influence of the classic Semi-pagan tone of politics and ethics; Macchiavelli (1469-1527) 78 Humanism and the Universities; Wittenberg (1502) Humanism in England; Colet, Erasmus, More The "Eutopia"; its liberal ideas on Religion His chastisement of ecclesiastical follies and abuses What may be inferred from their character and popularity His birth (1483) and parentage Studies at Erfurt (1501-5); enters a convent (1505) Made a Professor at Wittenberg (1508) His literary and theological attainments His religious experience Sees that justification is by faith Origin of indulgences; the Scholastic doctrine Luther opposes the sale of indulgences by Tetzel (1516) Attacks and replies; he meets Cajetan at Augsburg (1518) Accedes to the truce offered by Miltitz (1519). The Leipsic Disputation (1519); Philip Melancthon Melancthon's character; Luther's geniality and humor He asserts that the primacy of the Pope is jure humano Effect of the Leipsic Disputation upon his studies and opinions He appeals to the laity; Address to the Nobles (1520) . Writes "the Babylonian Captivity of the Church" (1520) Writes on the "Freedom of a Christian Man" (1520) Is excommunicated; burns the Papal bull (1520) The election of Charles V. (1519): consequent alarm in Eu- Rivalship of Charles V. and Francis I. (1515-1547); its Political condition of Germany; weakness of the central govern- Abortive efforts under Maximilian (1493-1519) to organize the Discontent and disorder; complaints by the knights, the cities, |