Augustus (Sigismund II.). Mary Queen of Scots is taken to
France, being contracted to the Dauphin. Book of Common
Prayer is introduced. Revised in 1552.

1549. Death of Paul III., February 8.

1550. Julius III. is elected Pope, February 8. Martyr, Bucer, and other reformers from the Continent are received in England. Hooper made Bishop of Gloucester. Vestment controversy begins.

1551. Renewed war between France and Austria. Henry II. allies himself with the German Protestants. Maurice of Saxony takes up the cause of the Protestants.

1552. Henry II. occupies Metz, Toul, and Verdun. Maurice obliges the Emperor to fly from Innsbruck, to liberate the Elector and the Landgrave, and to conclude the peace of Passau. The Emperor lays siege to Metz, October. Framing of the Articles (42) of the Church of England. Execution of Somerset.

1553. Death of Edward VI. Mary is proclaimed Queen of England, October 4. Death of Servetus at Geneva, October 27. 1554. Wyat's Rebellion. Restoration of Papal Supremacy in England. Marriage of Mary with Philip of Spain, July 25. Charles V. gives up Sicily and Naples to his son Philip. 1555. Peace of Augsburg. Ecclesiastical Reservation. Persecution of Protestants in England. Death of Ridley and Latimer, October 15. Death of Julius III. Accession of Paul IV., May 23. Charles V. resigns the Netherlands to Philip, October 25. League of Paul IV. with France, to wrest Naples from Spain.

1556. Abdication of Charles V., January 16. He gives up the empire to Ferdinand, August 27. He embarks for Spain, September 17. Renewal of war in Italy between the Pope in alliance with France, and Spain. Death of Cranmer, March 21. Death of Ignatius Loyola, July 31.

1557. Defeat of the French at St. Quentin, August 10. Peace between

the Duke of Alva and Paul IV.

1558. Calais is taken from the English by the Duke of Guise, January 8. Marriage of Mary Stuart with the Dauphin, Francis, April 24. Defeat of the French at Gravelines, July 13. Death of Charles V. at the monastery of Yuste, September 21. Death of Mary of England, November 17. Accession of Elizabeth.

1559. Peace of Cateau-Cambresis, August 3. Death of Henry II., July 10. He is succeeded by Francis II. Margaret of Parma

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

561

is made Regent of the Netherlands, with Granvelle, Bishop of Arras, for her principal minister. Return of Philip to Spain. Persecution of Protestants in Spain. Autos da fé. Act of Supremacy in England. Court of High Commission; Act of Uniformity. Death of Paul IV., August 18: succeeded by Pius IV. General Synod of the Huguenots in Paris. Contest between the Regent Mary and the Lords of the Congregation in Scotland. Return of John Knox. 1560. Conspiracy of Amboise, March. Edict of Romorantin. Coligny presents the Huguenot petitions at Fontainebleau. StatesGeneral convoked at Orleans. Navarre under surveillance. Arrest and trial of Condé. Death of Francis II., December 5. Accession of Charles IX. Catharine de Medici attains to power. Death of Gustavus Vasa. Succeeded by Eric XIV. Elizabeth supports the Protestants in Scotland. Treaty of Edinburgh. Protestantism established in Scotland by act of Parliament, August 25. Death of the Regent Mary, August

10.

1561. Return of Mary Stuart to Scotland. Her first interview with Knox. Colloquy of Poissy, September.

1562. Edict of St. Germain. A measure of toleration is granted to the Huguenots. Massacre of Vassy, March 1. Civil war in France. Capture of Rouen. Death of Anthony of Navarre, on the Catholic side, November 17. Battle of Dreux, December 19. Revision of the Articles of the Church of Eng

land.

1563. Siege of Orleans by the Catholics. Assassination of the Duke of Guise, February 18. Edict of Amboise, March 19. Close of the Council of Trent.

1564. Granvelle leaves the Netherlands. Death of Ferdinand I. Accession of Maximilian II. Death of Calvin, May 27. 1565. Conference of Bayonne. Marriage of Mary Stuart with Darnley, July 29. Cruel edicts of Philip II. against the Moors. Cruelties of the Inquisition in the Netherlands. Death of Pius IV., December 9.

1566. Accession of Pius V. The Compromise of Breda. The Gueux. Iconoclasm in the Netherlands. Death of Soliman II. Murder of Rizzio, March 9. Birth of James VI. of Scotland, June 19.

1567. Alva sent to the Netherlands. The "Council of Blood." The Regent Margaret leaves the country, December 30. Renewal of war between Catholics and Huguenots. Murder of Darnley, February 9. Mary marries Bothwell, May 15.

Resigns her crown to her son, with Murray as Regent, July

24.

1568. Flight of Mary into England. Conflict in the Netherlands. Egmont and Horn are beheaded, June 5. Peace of Longjumeau, March 23. Edict against the Huguenots, Septem

ber 25.

1569. Renewed insurrection of the Huguenots. Death of Louis de Condé, March 13.

Battle of Jarnac;

Prince Henry of
Huguenot party.

Navarre is recognized as head of the
Battle of Moncontour, October 3. Alva's scheme of taxa-

tion in the Netherlands.

1570. Excommunication of Elizabeth by Pius V., February 25. Second phase of Puritanism: Cartwright opposes Episcopacy. Third Peace of St. Germain. Four towns given up to the Huguenots, August 15. Assassination of the Regent Murray, January 23. Synod of Sendomir in Poland; union of Protestants.

1571. Battle of Lepanto, October 7; defeat of the Turks. 1572. Death of Pius V. Gregory XIII. succeeds him, May 13. Execution of the Duke of Norfolk, June 2. Union of Holland, Zealand, and Friesland, under William of Orange, May. Death of Jeanne d'Albret, June 10. Henry of Navarre marries Margaret of Valois, August 18. Massacre of St. Bartholomew, August 24. Death of Sigismund II. of Poland; end of the Jagellon dynasty: the crown made elective. Death of John Knox, November 24.

1573. "Pax Dissidentium " in Poland. Henry, Duke of Anjou, elected king of Poland, May 9. Alva leaves the Netherlands. He is succeeded by Requesens.

1574. Death of Charles IX., May 30.

of Nassau is defeated and slain.

Accession of Henry III. Louis

Siege of Leyden.

1576. Organization of the League in France.

Death of Requesens.

Pacification of Ghent, November 8. Don John of Austria
succeeds Requesens. Death of Maximilian II. Accession of
Rudolph II. Jesuit influence in the imperial court. The
Catholic reaction in Germany.

1577. Drake attacks the Spanish ships and settlements.

1578. Treaty of Elizabeth with the Netherlands, January 7. Death of Don John of Austria. He is succeeded by Alexander of Parma.

1579. Utrecht Union, January 23. The ten southern provinces submit to Alexander of Parma.

1580. William of Orange is proscribed by Philip II. Rebellion in Ireland fomented by Spain.

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

563

1581. The United Provinces renounce the authority of Spain, July 2. The protectorate of the Low Countries is given to the Duke of Anjou, brother of Henry III.

1582. Successes of Parma in the Netherlands.

1583. The Duke of Anjou returns to France.

1584. Death of the Duke of Anjou, June 10. Henry of Navarre becomes the heir of the crown. Alliance of the League with Spain. Treaty of Joinville, December 31. Assassination of William of Orange, July 10.

1585. Death of Gregory XIII., April 10. Accession of Sixtus V., April 24. He excommunicates Henry of Navarre, September 10. Surrender of Antwerp to Alexander of Parma, August 17. The United Provinces place themselves under the protection of Elizabeth. Leicester sent into the Netherlands. Drake attacks the Spanish settlements in the West Indies.

1586. War of the three Henries — Henry III., Navarre, and Guise. League between James VI. and Elizabeth.

1587. Execution of Mary Queen of Scots, February 8. Leicester returns to England. Maurice of Orange acquires the chief direction of the contest in the Netherlands. Sigismund III. of Sweden is elected king of Poland.

1588. Hostile attitude of the League towards Henry III. Barricades in Paris, May 12. Defeat of the Spanish Armada. Meeting of the States-General at Blois. Assassination of the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal his brother, by Henry III.

1589. Death of Catharine de Medici, January 5. Henry III. joins Navarre. Assassination of Henry III., August 1. Henry IV., is resisted by the League.

1590. Victory of Henry IV. at Ivry over the Duke of Mayenne, March 14. Death of Sixtus V. Succeeded by Urban VII. Parma raises the siege of Paris.

1591. Bull of Gregory XIV. against Henry IV. Death of Gregory

XIV., October 15. Succeeded by Innocent IX. His death, December 30. Henry IV. invests Rouen. Renewed invasion of Hungary by the Turks.

1592. Clement VIII. becomes Pope, January 30. Parma raises the siege of Rouen. Death of Parnia, December 2. Presbyterianism is fully established in Scotland.

1593. Division of counsels in the League. Abjuration of Henry IV., July 25. Rout of the Turks in Hungary.

1594. Henry IV. is crowned at Chartres, February 27. He enters Paris, March 22. Maurice of Orange recovers the whole territory of the United Provinces.

1595. Henry IV. declares war against Philip II., January 17. Clement VIII. absolves Henry IV., September 17.

1596. Alliance of Henry IV. with Elizabeth. The English destroy the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Cadiz.

1598. The Edict of Nantes, April 30. The Peace of Vervins between France and Spain, May 2. Death of Philip II., September 13. He is succeeded by Philip III.

1600. Marriage of Henry IV. with Mary de Medici. Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake, February 17.

1603. Death of Queen Elizabeth, March 24. Accession of James I. 1604. Hampton Court Conference, January 16. Letter of Majesty grants protection to the Protestants of Bohemia.

1605. The Gunpowder Plot.

1607. Donauwörth seized by the Duke of Bavaria.

1608. Protestant Union formed in Germany.

1609. Twelve years' truce established between Spain and the United

Provinces.

1610. Catholic League formed in Germany under the Duke of Bava

ria.

1611. The English Bible published by authority. Gustavus Adolphus becomes king of Sweden.

1612. Matthias becomes emperor.

1617. James I. imposes Episcopacy on Scotland.

1618. Revolt of the Bohemians against Ferdinand II. in defense of their religious liberties.

1619. Accession of Ferdinand II. as Emperor. Election of Ferdinand V., Elector Palatine, as king of Bohemia.

1620. The Elector Palatine stripped of his dominions. Persecution of Puritans in England. Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, December 21. Convent of Port Royal established.

1621. Revolt of the Huguenots.

1622. Congregatio de Propaganda Fide is established: (college for missionaries founded, 1627).

1624. Richelieu becomes the minister of Louis XIII.

1625. Accession of Charles I. War with the Huguenots begins in France. Alliance of England, Holland, and Denmark, in behalf of the Elector Palatine.

1626. Death of Lord Bacon. Defeat of Mansfield by Wallenstein at Dessau.

1627. Mecklenburg is given to Wallenstein.

1628. Surrender of Rochelle. Destruction of the political power of the

Huguenots.