7. Describe the courses, and give the modern names of the rivers Arabius, Choes, Cophen, Eulaeus, Oxus, Polytimetus. What are the five rivers of the Punjab, and by what names are they called in Arrian's history?

8. What are the curious errors mentioned by Arrian in relation to Caucasus and the Tanais ? Give a sketch of the history of ancient opinion, from Herodotus to Ptolemy, respecting the Caspian Sea.

9. νενέμηνται δὲ οἱ πάντες Ἰνδοὶ ἐς ἑπτὰ μάλιστα γενεάς. Ind. ii. Enumerate these yevɛaí. How far does this list of the Indian castes agree with that given in the Institutes of Menu ?

10. There is a lacuna in the twelfth chapter of the seventh book of the Anabasis. What facts appear to have been narrated in the missing passage?

ARRIAN.

MR. TYRRELL.

Translate the following passages:—

I. Beginning, 'Αλλ ̓ οὔτε τὸ Σύλλιον ἐξ ἐφόδου αὐτοσχεδίου, κ. τ. λ.
Ending, προσχώρων οὖσαν βίᾳ κατέχειν ἐν αἰτία ἦσαν.

2. Beginning, Δαρεῖος δέ, ἐπειδὴ ἐξηγγέλθη αὐτῷ προσάγων, κ. τ. λ. Ending, μάλιστα ἐς ἑξήκοντα μυριάδας μαχίμους εἶναι.

3. Beginning, Οἱ δὲ Τύριοι πρὸς ταῦτα ἀντιμηχανῶνται, κ. τ. λ. Ending, θαλασσοκρατούντων τῶν Τυρίων.

4. Beginning, Επανελθὼν δὲ καὶ ξυγκαλέσας αὖθις τοὺς, κ. τ. λ. Ending, καὶ δι' ἐπιμελείας ἐκπονουμένῳ ξυνορθούμενον.

κ. τ. λ.

5. Beginning, Καὶ ἐν τούτῳ ἀμφιβόλων τὰ πρῶτα, κ. τ. Ending, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ σωτηρας οἰκείας ἀγωνιζόμενοι.

1. Write an essay on the attitude of Arrian with respect to the Greek mythology, comparing his treatment of the myths with the treatment of the same by Thucydides and Herodotus respectively, and illustrating Arrian's point of view by his handling (á) of the myth of the Amazons, (B') of the myth of Geryon.

2. Show that Arrian, in his criticism on Darius, has quite overlooked the momentous character of the latter's change of policy on the death of Memnon.

3. What are our other authorities besides Arrian for the life of Alexander?

4. Arrian's account of the nature of the assembly in which Alexander was invested with the ἡγεμονία τῆς ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας στρατείας conflicts with the evidence of other historians. What is the discrepancy, and how may the conflicting accounts be reconciled?

5. Under what name is this convention commonly spoken of in Arrian? What convention did it supersede?

6. Write a note on the methods used by the different Greek historians to supply the want of a generally recognized chronological era.

7. In his account of the storming of Thebes by Alexander, Arrian differs from all the other extant historians, alleging the authority of Ptolemy. Give your estimate of the authority of Ptolemy. At what period did he compose his work? A story told by Arrian in the beginning of the Third Book of the Anabasis is important in aiding us to form an estimate of the credibility of Ptolemy. Give Arrian's reasons for his belief in the paramount authority of Ptolemy and Aristobulus. One of his reasons for his confidence in Ptolemy is particularly childish.

8. Diodorus tells us that the sentence against Thebes was passed by the general synod of the Greeks. Show that Arrian's testimony is more likely to be true.

9. What is the weak point in the theory mentioned by Arrian that the destruction of Thebes was a divine judgment upon her for having joined Xerxes against Greece?

10. Arrian appears to Atticize in his account of the circumstances preceding Alexander's demand of the extradition of the ten Athenians.

11. What is Arrian's account of the policy of Memnon ?

12. Write a note on these words, which are found in Arrian's description of the battle of the Granicus, λοξὴν ἀεὶ παρατείνων τὴν τάξιν παρεῖλκε τὸ ῥεῦμα.

13. Give as long a list as you can of post-classicisms in Arrian.

ARRIAN.-Anabasis iv., v., vi.

MR. PALMER.

Translate the following passages :

1. Beginning, καίτοι γε ταχυτάτη, ὡς ἐγὼ οἶδα, κ. τ. λ. Ending, οὔτε τὴν ὀξύτητα τοῦ ἔργου ἀφαιροῦνται.

2. Beginning, 'Αλέξανδρος μὲν οὖν καὶ οἱ ἀμφ' αὐτὸν, κ. τ. λ. Ending, ̓Αβρέας τῶν διμοιριτῶν τις στρατευομένων.

3. Beginning, Οἱ δὲ καὶ ταῦτα ἀνέγραψαν, κ. τ. λ. Ending, καὶ ἀνευάσαι τὸν θεὸν, καὶ βακχεῦσαι.

4. Beginning, Εἶναι δὲ τὰ δένδρα ταύτη πήχεων, κ. τ. λ. Ending, ἔτι πλείονα ἢ αἱ συκαῖ τοῦ ἦρος, καὶ δριμύτερον.

I What contemporary memoirs had Arrian for the Anabasis of A'exander?

That these authorities did not always agree is noticed by Arrin in a striking passage? [Book v.]

2.

"Arrian is professedly an imitator of the best writers." this head

a. Give the two instances quoted by Dr. Donaldson.

B. Of what authors are the following passages imitations?

(1.) ἤδη δέ τινες καὶ τάδε ἀνέγραψαν.

(2.) πόῤῥω δὲ τοῦ πότου προΐοντος.

(3.) εἰ δή τῳ ἱκανὸς καὶ Κτησιάς ἐς τεκμηρίωσιν. (4.) ὡς βλακεύειν ἐδόκουν.

(5.) δεδουλωμένοι τῇ γνώμη.

Under

3. What purely poetical words have you noticed in the Anabasis? 4. What Ionicisms in form occur?

5. Correct the following passage, and defend your emendation :τὸν μὲν Φαρνούχην ... ἐπὶ τῷ καθομιλῆσαι τοῖς βαρβάροις μᾶλ λόν τι πρὸς ̓Αλεξανδρου ἢ ἐπὶ τῷ ἐν ταῖς μάχαις ἐξηγεῖσθαι ἐσταλμένον.

6. What were the chief philosophical works of Arrian?

7. What was the greatest day in Alexander's life, according to Grote? 8. Of what action of Alexander's does Arrian say that it was to be commended εἰ τι ἄλλο, εἰς καρτεριάν τε καὶ ἅμα στρατηγίαν

9. With what events in Alexander's life are the following places connected:-Maracanda, Bactra, Ecbatana, the Malli, and the Drangi ?

10. Draw a map of Alexander's march after the middle of 330 B. C., marking on it the following places and rivers: Ecbatana, Sangala, Aornos, the Caspian gates, Bactra, Bucephala, Maracanda: The Oxus, Iaxartes, Hydaspes, and Hyphasis.

DR. INGRAM.

Translate the following passages into Greek; in the first, imitating the Anabasis,--in the second, the Indica :

I.

Eurydice would not suffer Peithon nor Aridæus to act anything without her consent. This they bore patiently for some time, but at last assured her plainly, that she had no business to concern herself with the affairs of the state, for they would take the administration upon themselves, till Antigonus and Antipater arrived :—when they came, the chief authority was committed to Antipater.

The army then requiring the military stipends which had been promised them by Alexander, Antipater (as he was unable to satisfy them) assured them, their requests were justly grounded; and as he was not willing to incur their displeasure, he would use his utmost endeavours that the royal treasury, as well as other places where riches were concealed, should be searched to satisfy them. However, this speech of his was so ill relished by the army, that when Eurydice also began to listen

to accusations against him, the soldiery were in a rage, and an insurrection ensued: whereupon she made an oration against him, which Asclepiodorus the scribe took care to record, and Attalus also joined with her, insomuch that Antipater hardly escaped with life, and had certainly been slain, had not Antigonus and Seleucus, whose aid he had requested, taken his part among the enraged multitude; and the saving his life had like to have cost them theirs. However, Antipater having thus escaped death, hasted to his own army, where he called the chief commanders of the horse before him, who obeyed his summons; and the insurrection being quelled, they reinstated him in his former post, and committed the chief management of affairs into his hands.

II.

Their houses are low miserable huts, constructed by setting sticks upright in the ground at six or eight feet distance, then bending them towards each other, and tying them together at the top, forming thereby a kind of pointed arch. The largest sticks are placed in the middle, and shorter ones each way, and at less distance asunder; by which means the building is highest and broadest in the middle, and lower and narrower towards each end. To these others are tied horizontally, and the whole is thatched over with leaves. The door is in the middle of one side, formed like a porch, and so low and narrow as just to admit a man to enter upon all-fours. The largest house I saw was about sixty feet long, eight or nine feet high in the middle, and three or four at each side; its breadth at these parts was nearly equal to its height. Some have a kind of vaulted houses built with stone, and partly under ground; but I never was in one of them. I saw no household utensils amongst them except gourds, and of these but very few. They dress their victuals in the same manner as in the other island-that is, with hot stones, in an oven or hole in the ground. As harmless and friendly as these people seem to be, they are not without offensive weapons, such as short wooden clubs, and spears; which latter are crooked sticks about six feet long, armed at one end with pieces of flint.

WRAY PRIZE EXAMINATION.

DR. TARLETON.

1. Explain Mill's statement that the principle of the uniformity of the course of nature does not contribute at all to prove inductions, but is the necessary condition of their being proved.

Mill would not make a similar statement in relation to "discovery," and as regards "proof," it seems inconsistent with his observations on the Experimental Methods?

What does Mill mean by "prove"?

How did inductive science commence, according to Mill?

2. Observations made by Mill enable us to explain Bacon's statement that the treatment of Idola belongs properly to the Novum Organum ?

3. What account is given by Mill of the general problem and fundamental principles of Algebra ?

His account of the latter is very unsatisfactory?

Is Mill's statement, that Physical Science is quite as demonstrative as Geometry, correct?

How does Mill account for the deduction of geometrical truths from so small a number of original premises?

He has entirely omitted the true explanation ?

4. The assumption now made in the assertion of the Law of Causality is, on Mill's principles, virtually the same as that made in the early generalizations from experience?

5. How does Mill define Empirical Laws, and how does he describe the methods by which they may be recognised?

At a certain point, the distinction between Empirical Laws and Laws of Nature vanishes?

6. Describe the experimental method of Concomitant Variations. On what axiom does it depend?

What are the special uncertainties attending the application of this method?

7. On what grounds does Mansel maintain that the philosophers of the school of Reid could not fairly meet Hume's theory of causation ? Would Mansel consider a similar assertion to be applicable to Kant? Mansel appears to misapprehend the principles of Kant?

8. How does Mansel describe the necessary element in the principle of Causality as applied to physical causes, and how does he account for its origin?

The phrase "cannot change of itself" is ambiguous; and Mansel's discussion as founded on this ambiguity is essentially fallacious?

9. What are Mansel's criticisms on the different theories of Morality, and at what results does he arrive?

10. What is Hamilton's theory of Causality, and how is it criticized by Mansel?

BUTLER'S ANALOGY.-LOCKE AND COUSIN.

DR. STUBBS.

1. How does Butler treat the following inquiries:-(a) Does death destroy the living agent we call ourself? (6) Does it destroy our present powers of thinking and willing? (y) Does it interfere with the exercise of these powers?

2. What are the instances adduced by Butler to prove that God's moral government is at present established in the world? He adds two considerations from domestic and from civil government?

3. Butler specifies three proofs of the obligations of Religion which are not affected by the opinion of Necessity? Natural Religion has, besides, another evidence which the doctrine of Necessity, if true, would not affect?