7. Describe briefly the articulated appendages of the successive somites in Limulus. 8. Give a description of the structure of a common Woodlouse (Oniscus). 9. Contrast the skull of a Tortoise and that of an Alligator. 10. What are the distinguishing characters of the families Echinidæ, Spatangida, and Cidarida? 11. Give the diagnostic characters of Virgularia, Renilla, and Pennatula. 12. Describe the structure of Pleurobrachia. 1. Enumerate and describe the several organized structures met with in the vegetable cell. 2. Describe the two modes of cell development, particularising the principal varieties of each form. 4. Give the general conclusions arrived at by Hildebrand as to the sexual relations in flowering plants. 5. Define what is meant by "protandry" and "protogyny." 6. What class of plants possess neither chlorophyl nor starch granules in their cellular structure? 7. Describe the perisperm as met with in the seeds of the Poppy, Mallow, Coffee, Canna, and Cocoa Nut. 8. Mention the chief modifications of the Leaf and its Parts. 9. Describe the flower of Aconitum, Delphinium, and Antirrhinum. 10. Describe a normal ovule. 11. Enumerate the exceptional forms among the British Ranunculaceæ. 12. In what species of Viola are the flowers dimorphic ? 13. Give the chief characteristics of the genera Geranium, Erodium, and Oxalis. 14. How is Saxifragaceae distinguished from the Crassulaceæ ? 15. Mention some of the more common Shrubs or Trees met with in our Gardens belonging to the Saxifragaceæ. 16. What are the specific differences between Viburnum lantana and V. opulus ? 17. Enumerate the genera of the Natural Family of the Amentaçeæ. 18. Describe the fruit in Raphanus, Crambe, Cakile, and Capsella. 19. Describe the reproduction in any Fern or Moss. 20. Refer the following to their Natural Families :-Ailanthus, Cyclamen, Eugenia, Fuchsia, Garcinea, Glaucium, Hibiscus, Linnoa, Mangifera, Menyanthes, Saponaria, Vinca. Moderatorships in History, Political Science, and English Literature. Examiners. JOHN TOLEKEN, M. D. JAMES A. BARLOW, M. A., Erasmus Smith Professor of History. EDWARD DOWDEN, M. A., Professor of English Literature. HISTORY. DR. TOLEKEN. 1. Give Mr. Hallam's description of the state of provincial society in Gaul at the commencement of the 5th century. What were the causes of the decline of the popular element in the municipal institutions? 2. State the views of Savigny and Troja respecting the existence and continuance of personal laws in France and Italy. What evidence does Hallam cite to prove their continuance in France? 3. What, according M. Guizot, was the first attempt at extricating European Society from Barbarism, and why did it fail? Give his account of the Barbaric Church? 4. Give an account of the origin of the Arragonese dynasty in Sicily, and its subsequent acquisition of Naples. Who were the parties to the quadruple league of 1455, and what, according to Hallam, were their motives? 5. Describe the part taken by the Popes in the Italian wars of Louis XII. and Francis I. France interfered in the affairs of Italy under Henry II.;—what were the circumstances which led to this interference? The policy of the Pope has been criticised as short-sighted? 6. Give a history of the occurrences which took place in 1650, and which led to the banishment of Cardinal Mazarin, with short accounts of the chief persons engaged. 7. Give an account of the members of the Farnese family who have been most prominent in European history. 8. Mention the principal intermarriages between the Royal Houses of France and Spain, also those between the Royal Family of France and the House of Savoy. The history of these latter affords a striking proof of the insufficiency of such alliances to influence the foreign policy of States? PROFESSOR BARLOW. 1. Give a sketch of the parliamentary history of the reign of Edward III. 2. In the Wars of the Roses, among what classes of the nation did the main strength of the Yorkists and of the Lancastrians respectively lie, and how may this be explained? Compare this civil war with the short struggle between Edmond Ironside and Knut. 3. Give an account of the foreign politics of the Government of James I. till the death of the Earl of Salisbury in 1612. 4. Hallam quotes many passages from the correspondence between Laud and Strafford, which leave no doubt that the latter was party in a conspiracy to subvert the fundamental laws and liberties of his country? 5. What account does Hallam give of the proceedings against Shaftesbury and College? 6. Write a note on the following assertion of Hallam's: "We reason too exclusively from the peculiar instance of 1688, when we hail the fearful struggles of other revolutions with a sanguine and confident sympathy." 7. Hallam considers that "whatever judgment we may be disposed to form as to the political necessity of leaving Spain and America in the possession of Philip, it is impossible to justify the course of that negociation which ended in the peace of Utrecht." Why so? Give the main arguments for and against the treaty. 8. Events occurred early in the reign of George III. which brought to a decisive issue important questions affecting the privileges of Parliament and the rights of the subject. Give some account of these. LAW. DR. RICHEY. 1. Explain and distinguish (1) contracts by record, (2) contracts by deed, and (3) simple contracts. 2. Explain the legal doctrine of estoppel. State the various species of estoppel, giving instances of each. Why are the parties to a deed not estopped from giving evidence as to the real date of its delivery? 3. To what extent, if at all, is parol evidence admissible to alter explain contracts reduced to writing? Explain the exception to th general rule of evidence relative to usages and customary incidents. Illustrate each rule of law by an imaginary case. 4. State concisely the enactments contained in the fourth section of the Statute of Frauds (Eng.). What is the principle of the decision in Hammersley v. de Biel (12 CÍ. & Fin. 45), and of Boydell v. Drummond (11 East, 142)? What is the consequence of non-compliance with the provisions of the fourth section of the Statute of Frauds (Griffith v. Young 12 East, 513)? 5. Explain the term "Contract" and "Consideration." How far is the validity of a deed affected by the absence or illegality of the consi deration. "Ex nudo pacto non oritur actio." Explain and give an instance of this rule (Harris v. Watson, Peake, 72). 6. What are the rights of a principal arising out of a contract entered into on his behalf (Sims v. Bond, 5 Barn. & Ad. 393)? What are the rights of a party who enters into a contract with the agent of another (Patterson v. Gandasequi, 15 E. 62)? Illustrate the several rules of law by imaginary cases. 7. Explain what is a partnership. "All questions between partners are no more than illustrations of the same questions as between principal and agent" (Beckham v. Drake, 9 M. & W., 98). Explain this by reference to the rules of law as to the rights and liabilities of a partnership, and of its members inter sese. 8. State the rules of law relative to the liability of a husband upon contracts entered into by his wife: and show that these rules are all referrible to the principles of the law of agency. 9. State the several remedies by which contracts may be enforced, and the forms of action upon the breach of simple contracts. By what process in the Court of Chancery is the performance of contracts enforced? 10. What are the rules as to the limitation of actions and suits contained in the third section of the 3 & 4 Will. IV., c. 42? What cases are excepted from the operation of these rules? By what Statute is the period of limitation as to actions of debt and assumpsit determined in Ireland? 1. What is the province of Political Economy as distinguished from that of Ethics and of Jurisprudence? 2. Is Political Economy a deductive or inductive science? Illustrate your answer by reference to the investigations of Political Economists, who, in your opinion, have advanced the science. 3. Define Value. What is meant by Value of Labour; Value of Land; Value of Money; Value of Commodities? 4. What is Capital? Is the land of an agricultural country part of its Capital? Are the improvements of land Capital? Is the skill of artizans Capital? 5. In what respects is absenteeism economically objectionable? 6. State succinctly the rationale of Free Trade. Is Protectionism ever justifiable, and within what limits? 7. In what respects are Customs and Excise Duties economically objectionable? 8. How does the abolition of tithes affect Rent, Wages, and Profits, immediately and ultimately? 9. What were the principal causes which contributed to the discouragement of Agriculture in Ancient Europe, after the fall of the Roman Empire ? 10. Describe the functions of the Bank of England. What were the objects of the Bank Charter Act? Were they economically proper? How far have they been fulfilled? Has the Act produced any economical evils? 11. Within what limits can combinations of labourers raise wages, and combinations of capitalists raise profits? 12. How do you account for the recent rise in the price of coals? How may this rise be expected to affect the prices of other commodities, and the territorial conditions of industry? 1. (a). The assertion that the impossibility of classing all languages genealogically proves the impossibility of a common origin of language is not warranted. Show this. (b). Explain and illustrate the origin of grammatical forms. (c). Classify the Teutonic, the Romance, and the Celtic families of language. (d). What is Grimm's law? 2. (a). Briefly exhibit your acquaintance with passages in Chaucer's poems, in which he speaks of himself. (b). Reproduce any passages referring to Chaucer which you remember in Gower, Spenser, Sidney, Milton, Akenside, Keats, Morris, 3. How has Spenser pictured (a). Despair? (b). Sir Satyrane? 4. Notice some of the most important contemporary references to Shakspeare, including those of Spenser (doubtful), Greene, Meres, Ben Jonson, Chettle. 5. What plays of Shakspeare exist in two forms considerably different one from the other? Mention some of the principal alterations made by Shakspeare in his re-writing of any one of these plays. 6. There are several series of connected sonnets in English. Mention the author and the subject of each of these. 7. Write a brief accurate argument of any one of the following poems :"The Flower and the Leaf," "The Clerke's Tale," "The Castle of Indolence," Wordsworth's" Michael," Tennyson's "Maud." 8. Mention from which of Shakspeare's plays each of the following passages is taken, the speaker, and the occasion on which the words were spoken: (a). "Hath Britain all the sun that shines? Day, night Our Britain seems as of it, but I' the world's volume not in't; In a great pool a swan's nest; prithee, thin |