EXERCISE 10.

1. Have you any tea? 2. Yes, madam; I have a pound of tea. 3. Who has bread? 4. The baker, has bread, butter, and cheese. 5. Has the tailor cloth? 6. The tailor has a piece of cloth. 7. Has the physician gold? 8. Yes, sir; the physician has gold and silver. 9. Has the lady a silver watch? 10. Yes, miss (madam); the lady has a silver watch and a gold pen. 11. Has your sister silk? 12. Yes, sir; she has silk and cotton. 13. Have you a knife? 14. Yes, sir; I have a steel knife and a silver fork. 15. Have you meat to-day, sir? 16. Yes, sir; I have a piece of beef. 17. Has your carpenter a mahogany table? 18. Yes, sir; he has a mahogany table. 19. Has your sister a glove? 20. Yes, sir; my sister has a silk glove. 21. Has the bookseller's son a gold pencil case? 22. Yes, sir; he has a gold pencil case and a steel pen. 23. Who has your sister's watch? 24. Your brother has the gold watch and the silk hat. 25. We have gold, silver, and steel. (See Rule 5.)

LEÇON VII.

LESSON VII.

THE NEGATIVE SENTENCE, ETC.

1. To render a sentence negative, ne is placed before the verb, and pas after it.

Je n'ai pas le cheval.

Vous n'avez pas la maison.

I have not the horse.
You have not the house.

2. When the verb is in a compound tense, [§ 45, (8.)] the first negative ne is placed before the auxiliary, and the second between the auxiliary and the participle.

Je n'ai pas eu le cheval.

Vous n'avez pas eu la maison.

I have not had the horse.
You have not had the house.

3. It will be seen in the above examples that the e of ne is elided, when the verb begins with a vowel. [§ 146.]

4. When the words ni, neither; rien, nothing; jamais, never; personne, no one, nobody, occur, the word ne only is used, and those words take the place of pas.

Je n'ai ni le livre ni le papier.
Avez-vous quelque chose?
Nous n'avons rien.

Personne n'a le livre. [§ 41, (6.)]
Vous n'avez jamais le couteau.

I have neither the book nor the paper.
Have you any thing?

We have nothing, or not any thing.
No one has the book.
You never have the knife.

5. A noun used in a partitive sense (Lesson 6, Rule 1), and being the object of a verb conjugated negatively, should not be preceded by the article, but by the preposition de only.' [§ 78, (7.)].

Nous n'avons pas d'argent.
Vous n'avez pas de viande.

We have no money.
You have no meat.

6. Quelqu'un, some one, any one; [§ 41, (7.)] quelque chose, something, any thing; should only be used in an affirmative or interrogative sentence, or in a sentence which is negative and interrogative at the same time.

Avons-nous quelqu'un ?
Avez-vous quelque chose?
N'avons-nous pas quelque chose?

Have we any one?

Have you any thing?
Have we not something?

7. In a negative sentence, ne-personne, signifies nobody, not any body; and ne-rien, nothing, not any thing.

Je n'ai personne.

Vous n'avez rien.

I have no one, not any one.

You have nothing, or not any thing.

8. AVOIR, TO HAVE, IN THE PRESENT OF THE INDICATIVE.

Vous n'avez pas de viande, (R. 5.) You have no meat.

Avons-nous quelque chose?

Nous n'avons rien.

Have we any thing?

We have nothing, or not any thing.

Nous n'avons jamais de café, (R. 5.) We never have coffee.
Vous n'avez pas de livre.

You have no (not any) book.

1 When, however, the sentence is interrogative as well as negative, the article is sometimes used. In those cases, however, ne and pas are rendered by not instead of no.

N'avons-nous pas de l'argent?
N'avez-vous pas de la viande?

Have we not money?
Have you not meat?

Without the article.

N'avons-nous pas d'argent?
N'avez-vous pas de viande ?

Have we no money?
Have you no meat?

EXERCISE 11.

Ami, m. friend;
Angleterre, f. England;
Aussi, also;
Autre, other;

Chapelier, m. hatter;
Chien, m. dog;
Coton, m. cotton;
Cousin, m. cousin ;
Deux, two;

Drap, m. cloth;
Du tout, at all;
France, f. France;
Histoire, f. history;
Libraire, m. bookseller;
Marchand, m. merchant;
Mon, m. my;
Ni, neither, nor;

Personne, m. nobody;
Quelque chose, m. some-
thing, any thing;
Quelqu'un, m. some one,

any one;
Soie, f. silk ;

Velours, m. velvet;
Voisin, m. neighbor.

1. Le chapelier a-t-il de la soie? 2. Le chapelier n'a pas de soie, mais il a du velours. 3. A-t-il du velours de coton? 4. Non, monsieur; il n'a pas de velours de coton, il a du velours de soie. 5. Avezvous de la viande ? 6. Oui, monsieur; j'ai de la viande. 7. Le médecin n'a pas d'argent. 8. Qui a de l'argent? 9. Le marchand n'a pas d'argent, mais il a du drap, du velours et de la soie. 10. Avezvous quelque chose? 11. Non, monsieur; je n'ai rien du tout. 12. Le tailleur a-t-il deux boutons d'argent? 13. Non, monsieur; il a deux boutons de soie. 14. Qui a votre chien? 15. Le voisin a le chien de mon cousin. 16. N'a-t-il pas votre cheval aussi ? 17. Non, monsieur; il a le cheval de votre ami. 18. Avez-vous l'histoire de France? 19. Non, madame; je n'ai ni l'histoire de France ni l'histoire d'Angleterre. 20. N'avez-vous ni le livre ni le papier? 21. Non, mademoiselle; je n'ai ni l'un ni l'autre. 22. Qui a du papier? 23. Le libraire n'a pas de papier. 24. Quelqu'un a-t-il un livre? 25. Personne n'a de livre.

EXERCISE 12.

1. Has the baker velvet? 2. No, sir; the baker has no velvet. 3. Who has silk velvet? 4. The hatter has silk velvet and a silk hat. 5. Have you two silver buttons? 6. No, sir; I have a cloth coat, a silk hat, and a velvet shoe. 7. Has your neighbor a wooden table? 8. Yes, sir; he has a mahogany table. 9. Has your cousin a history of England? 10. No, sir; he has a history of France. 11. have neither the cloth nor the velvet. 12. We have neither the meat nor the coffee. 13. Has any one a book? 14. Your cousin has a book, a velvet coat, and a silk hat. 15. Have you the physician's book? 16. Yes, madam; I have the physician's book, and the lady's gold pen. 17. Has the merchant cloth? 18. The merchant has no cloth, but he has money. 19. Who has your neighbor's dog? 20. Nobody has my neighbor's dog. 21. Has any one my book? 22. No one has your book. 23. Has your cousin's brother any thing? 24. No, sir; he has nothing. 25. Who has your friend's book? 26. Your brother has my cousin's book. 27. Has he the tailor's coat? 28. He has not the tailor's coat. 29. We have neither the cloth nor the silk.

IDIOMS FORMED WITH AVOIR, TO HAVE, &C.

1. The verb avoir is used idiomatically, in French, with the words quelque chose, chaud, froid, faim, honte, peur, raison, tort, soif, som

2. A noun, whether taken in a general or in a particular sense, is, in French, commonly preceded by the article le, in its different forms. [§ 77, (1.) (2.)]

3. A noun, preceded by the article le, retains that article after ni, nor, neither; but a noun taken in a partitive sense, [L. 6, 1,] takes after ni, neither article nor preposition.

4. A noun, taken in a partitive sense, and preceded by an adjective, takes merely the preposition de. [378, (3.)]

5. The following adjectives are generally placed Beau, handsome, Brave, worthy; fine, beautiful; Cher, dear; Bon, good;

Grand, great, large; Joli, pretty ;

RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES.

1. Qui a sommeil ? 2. Mon frère a faim, mais il n'a pas sommeil. 3. Avez-vous raison ou tort? 4. J'ai raison, je n'ai pas tort. 5. Avezvous le bon fusil de mon frère? 6. Je n'ai pas le fusil. 7. Avez-vous froid aujourd'hui ? 8. Je n'ai pas froid; au contraire, j'ai chaud. 9. Avez-vous de bon pain? 10. Je n'ai pas de pain. 11. N'avezvous pas faim? 12. Je n'ai ni faim ni soif. 13. Avez-vous honte? 14. Je n'ai ni honte ni peur. 15. Avons-nous du poivre ou du sel? · 16. Vous n'avez ni poivre ni sel. 17. Quel livre avez-vous? 18. J'ai le livre de mon cousin. 19. Avez-vous le marteau de fer ou le marteau d'argent? 20. Je n'ai ni le marteau de fer ni le marteau d'argent, j'ai le marteau de bois du ferblantier. 21. Avez-vous quelque chose? 22. Je n'ai rien. 23. Avez-vous le gros livre du libraire? 24. Je n'ai ni le gros livre du libraire, ni le petit livre du menuisier; j'ai le bon livre du capitaine.

EXERCISE 14.

6. My

1. Are you sleepy; sir? 2. No, sir; I am not sleepy, but I am hungry. 3. Have you pepper or salt? 4. I have neither pepper nor salt; I have cheese. 5. Is your brother thirsty or hungry? brother is neither thirsty nor hungry. 7. Is your sister right or wrong? 8. She is not wrong, she is right. 9. Is the good joiner afraid? 10. He is not afraid, but ashamed. 11. Have you milk or cheese? 12. I have neither milk nor cheese; I have butter. 13. Have you the fine cloth or the good tea? 14. I have neither the fine cloth nor the good tea. 15. Is any thing the matter with you, my good friend? 16. Nothing is the matter with me, my good sir. 17. Have you no bread? 18. Yes, madam; I have good bread, good butter, and good cheese. 19. Is the carpenter sleepy? 20. The carpenter is not sleepy, but the tinman is hungry. 21. Have you the tinman's wooden hammer? 22. I have not the wooden hammer. 23. Which hammer have you? 24. I have the steel hammer. 25. Have you a good cloth coat? 26. No, sir; but I have a silk dress. 27. Has the tailor the good gold button? 28. Yes, sir; he has the good gold button. 29. Who has my brother's gold watch? 30. Some one has the gold watch.