THE Australasian Association of Psychology and Philosophy OFFICERS FOR 1923. President: Professor B. Muscio, M.A. Vice-Presidents: Professor W. R. Boyce Gibson, M.A., D.Sc.; Professor T. A. Hunter, M.A., M.Sc.; Associate-Professor H. T. Lovell, M.A., Ph.D.; Professor E. Mayo, M.A.; Professor W. Mitchell, M.A., D.Sc. Hon. General Secretary: A. H. Martin, M.A., Ph.D. Hon. Business Secretary: S. C. Ratcliff, B.A. Hon. Treasurer: G. D. Milford, M.A. Hon. Counsel: C. M. Collins, B.A., LL.B. OBJECT. The Association has been formed for the purpose of promoting, in such ways as are possible to an Association of this kind, the study of and research in psychology and philosophy in all their branches. It represents a co-operative movement of the departments of philosophy and psychology in all the Universities of Australia and New Zealand, and is thus genuinely Australasian. JOURNAL. The first step of the Association has been the inauguration of The Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy, of which this is the first number. This Journal will constitute a local medium for the discussion of all questions relating to psychology, philosophy, and social science. MONOGRAPHS. The Association proposes further to issue from time to time monographs on special subjects. Two have already been published, namely: No. I. Liberty, Fraternity, Equality, by Professor Francis Anderson, M.A. GENERAL MEETINGS. A general meeting of the members of the Association will be held once a year for the presentation and discussion of papers. In so far as is practicable, such general meetings will in future be held successively in the various capital cities throughout Australasia. The first general meeting will take place in Sydney on May 19, 1923. The subject for discussion will be Psycho-analysis, and the following papers will be read: Psycho-analysis and Traditional Psychology: Professor H. T. Lovell, M.A., Ph.D. All members of the Association will receive notice of the hour and place of this meeting not later than April 29, 1923. MEMBERSHIP OF THE ASSOCIATION. This is open to all persons interested In the objects of the Association and willing to promote them in such ways as they can. Membership subscription for 1923 (within Australasia) is 10/-. For this sum members receive QUARTERLY The Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy, and may attend FREE OF CHARGE lectures or meetings for discussion arranged by the Association. Non-members may obtain the Journal through any newsagent in Australasia, or by post from the Hon. Business Secretary, for 3/- per copy. Those interested in the Association are urged to become members of it. They will thus effectively strengthen the Association, and will moreover obtain the Journal, the only one of its kind in Australasia, on the most advantageous terms to themselves. The subscription to the Journal abroad is 12/- per annum. For all information, application should be made to S. C. RATCLIFF, B.A. Challis House, Martin Place, Sydney, N.S. Wales. O'Loughlin Bros., Printers, 342 Elizabeth St., Sydney. EDITED BY FRANCIS ANDERSON, M.A., EMERITUS Professor of PhiloSOPHY IN The University of SYDNEY. W. ANDERSON, M.A. (Auckland) M.SCOTT FLETCHER, M.A., LITT.(Brisb.) | J. P. LOWSON, M.A., M.D. (Brisbane) C. F. SALMOND, M.A. (Canterbury) CONTENTS On the Need of Courage, By Sir Robert Stout, K.C.M.G., P.C. On Vagueness, By Bertrand Russell, F.R.S. Psycho-Analysis in Relation to Traditional Psychology, By Psycho-Analysis in Relation to Education, By Professor Alex- Freud and Rivers: A Note on Dream Interpretation, By Pro- fessor J. P. Lowson, M.A., M.D. Plato's Laws and Modern Legislation, By A. J. Hannan, AUSTRALASIAN ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY WHOLESALE DISTRIBUTION BY GORDON & GOTCH (AUSTRALIA) LTD. RETAILED BY ALL NEWSAGENTS, OR POST FREE FROM HON. SECRETARY, The Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy is published quarterly, on the first day of March, June, September, December. All articles for this Journal should be in the hands of the Editor, Emeritus Professor Francis Anderson, The Haven, Hunter's Hill, Sydney, at least six weeks before the date of publication. Books for review and exchanges should be addressed to the Editor. Writers of Articles are alone responsible for the opinions expressed in them. All business communications should be addressed to the Hon. Business Secretary, S. C. Ratcliff, B.A., Challis House, Martin Place, Sydney, N.S.W. AUSTRALASIAN ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY. MONOGRAPH SERIES. The following have now been published. They may be obtained from all booksellers, or post free, on receipt of the published price, from the Honorary Business Secretary, S. C. Ratcliff, Esq., B.A., Challis House, Martin Place, Sydney: No. 1.-Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. By Francis No. 2.-Dreams. By H. Tasman Lovell, M.A., Ph.D., Other Monographs in preparation. The Right Honourable SIR ROBERT STOUT, K.C.M.G., P.C., D.C.L., LL.D., Chief Justice of New Zealand, Chancellor of New Zealand University. P A brave man leaveth not the battle, He who flieth from it is no true warrior, In the field of this body a great war is toward Against Passion, Hunger, Pride and Greed, It is for the Kingdom of Truth, of Contentment and of And the sword that ringeth most loudly is the sword -KABIR, Hindu Poet. HILOSOPHY, if it is ever mentioned by the ordinary "man in the street," is treated as something unpractical and out of relation to the business of life. Even by many citizens who have received a higher education it is dubbed "metaphysics," and ignored as if it were a useless study. It is not recognised that it is the highest study in which mankind can engage, and that it lies at the basis of all thought. It deals, as a Gifford lecturer has said, with "Affirmations about the Universe." And can there be a higher study? Have we not read much lately about "Relativity"? And do not the higher physics and the more recondite mathenatics resolve themselves into a philosophical problem? Philosophy is, however, a word that includes several banches of learning, such as Ontology, Logic, Psychology and Ethics. And on Ethics all our social problems must be based. A modern philosopher, Viscount Haldane, has said: "The foundation of purpose in the State, through all changes of party policy, must, if the national life is to grow permanently and not to diminish, to prosper and not to fade, be ethical.' The State, according to Aristotle, must be based on justice, and justice includes all virtues. What, it may be asked, is the virtue which in these days is most required? Is it not Courage? How stands the race to-day? In all the nations called civilized the problems of the origin, and the aim of life are being discussed. There is much pessimism abroad. In stead of thinking of a "far off divine event" to which the whole creation moves, we read many books on decadence and the end of life of all kinds, the earth becoming like her satellite, the moon, a barren world without life. Professor J. S. Mackenzie, of London, has recently said: "All that we can hope for in this present existence is to gain enough insight to enable us to realise that the riddle of the universe need not be supposed to be for ever insoluble. In the strength of that conviction-being persuaded that we are not absolutely marooned in the midst of chaos, forlorn intellects in an unintelligible environment-we may turn our attention to the great problem, especially in such times as the present, which most nearly concerns us-that of the betterment of human life, the gradual realisation of the ultimate values." How then stands this question of courage? Many definitions have been given of the virtue. Generally it is associated with military or naval warfare. It cannot be said that the worship of war has been confined to one nation. For centuries there have been leaders of thought who have extolled war as the "School of Duty." Even the Philosopher Bacon upheld the same idea of the lawfulness of war that we can read in the works of many modern Germans, such as Treitschke and Bernhardi, Eberhard and others. In his "Ad- 1. vertisement Touching an Holy War," written in 1622, one of the interlocutors says: "Some men, some nations, excel in the one ability, some in the other. Therefore, the position which I intend is not in the comparative, that the wiser, or the stouter or the juster nation should govern; but in the privative that where there is a heap of people-though we term it a kingdom or a Statethat is altogether unable or indign to govern, there it is a just cause of war for another nation, that is civil or policed, to subdue them; and this though it were to be done by a Cyrus or a Caesar, that were no Christians." He continues: "When the constitution of the State, and the fundamental customs and laws of the same— -if laws they may be called-are against the laws of nature and nations, then I say a war upon them is lawful." (See 1826 edition, vol. 3 p. 479 et seq.) At the same time he did not venture to assert that war on similar states was just or lawful. It is only a nation like Turkey that could be invaded. Modern Germans made no such limitation. The military men amongst them were dominated with the idea of Frederick the Great that war was the |