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nous de tirer du mal même le remède qui doit le guérir. Par de nouvelles associations, corrigeons, s'il se peut, le défaut de l'association générale. Que notre violent interlocuteur juge luimême du succès. Montrons-lui, dans l'art perfectionné, la réparation des maux que l'art commencé fit à la nature; montrons-lui toute la misère de l'état qu'il croyait heureux, tout le faux du raisonnement qu'il croyait solide. Qu'il voie dans une meilleure constitution de choses le prix des bonnes actions, le châtiment des mauvaises et l'accord aimable de la justice et du bonheur. Éclairons sa raison de nouvelles lumières, échauffons son cœur de nouveaux sentiments, et qu'il apprenne à multiplier son être et sa félicité, en les partageant avec ses semblables. Sí mon zèle ne m'aveugle pas dans cette entreprise, ne doutons point qu'avec une âme forte et un sens droit cet ennemi du genre humain n'abjure enfin sa haine, avec ses erreurs; que la raison qui l'égarait ne le ramène à l'humanité ; qu'il n'apprenne à préférer à son intérêt apparent son intérêt bien entendu; qu'il ne devienne bon, vertueux, sensible, et pour tout dire enfin, d'un brigand féroce, qu'il voulait être, le plus ferme appui d'une société bien ordonnée.

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INDEX

Agriculture: respect of the Romans for,
pp. 98-9.

d'Alembert: his article on Geneva in
l'Encyclopédie, p. 14.

d'Antraigues, Comte: 'Sixteen Chapters

on Federation' entrusted to by Rous-
seau, and subsequently destroyed, pp.
154-5.

d'Argenson (French Minister of Foreign
Affairs, 1744-47): his Considérations
sur le Gouvernement de la France
quoted, pp. 5, 24, 45, 122. His ad-
vocacy of Provincial States, but sus-
picion of States General, p. 160.
Aristocracy: the 'best and most natural
form of Government,' pp. xxxiii, 60.
Its three forms: natural, elective and
hereditary. The last, the worst of all
Governments, the second the best, pp.
60, 75, 145.

Aristotle his views on the 'natural
priority of the State, p. 126; on the

natural inequality' of men, p. 5. His
alleged preference for placing the
Government in the hands of the rich,
p. 61.
His definition of the tyrant, p.
77.
Association: Rousseau's ban on all 'par-
tial' associations, pp. xxx, xlii-xlvii;
pp. 24-5. Fatal consequences of this
doctrine, pp. xlii-xlvii.

Athens: confusion of Legislative and
Executive powers in her Constitution,
P. 27. Her cult of Letters, p. 46.
Aulard, M. references to his Histoire
politique de la Révolution française,
pp. 134, 155, 171.

Bayle his belief that religion is useless,
or worse than useless, for civic pur-
poses, pp. 117, 162.

Beaulavon, M.: his edition of the Con-
trat social, pp. xxxvii, 157, 169,

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of its hereditary Aristocracy, pp. 60,
90. A less favourable judgment of, p.
145.

Bodin: his Six livres de la République
quoted, pp. 14, 130.

Bosscha: his Correspondance de J.-J.
Rousseau avec M. M. Rey quoted,
pp. xi, 146, 147, 165.

Boucher: his De justa Henrici III.
abdicatione, p. lxi.

Burke his double assault on Rousseau,
as individualist and the contrary, pp.
xiii, 170. His exaltation of the State,
as divinely ordained, p. xxv. His cari-
cature of Rousseau, p. xxxvi. His
conception of the 'rights' of men, as
their 'advantages,' p. xlv. His points
of contact with Rousseau, p. xlix.
His belief that the civil state is natural
to man, p. 126. His Letters on a
Regicide Peace, p. 130. On popula-
tion as a test of good government, p.
149. His objection to 'imperative
mandates,' p. 152.

Caligula his theory of Government, pp.
5, 34, 113, 127.

Calvin his greatness as Lawgiver of
Geneva, pp. 35, 140.

Catherine II. of Russia: mutual flattery
between her and the French 'philo-
sophers,' p. 141.

Catholicism: an anti-civic religion, pp.
xxxix-xlii, 116-18, 122-24.

Censureship of Morals: its functions and
limitations, pp. 112-13.

Chardin his Voyages en Perse, pp. 70,

148.

Choiseul, Duc de (Chief Minister of
France, 1758-70): Rousseau's unfor-
tunate compliment to, pp. 63, 147.
Christianity: favourable to the social,
fatal to the civic, spirit, pp. xxxvii.
xxxix, 113-24, 162-3.

Civil Religion: Rousseau's views on, pp.
xxxvii-xliii, 113:24:

Clients an admirable institution, pp.
103, 161.

Climate: influence of, pp. xxxv, 42, 45-
46, 68-73.

Commerce: no test of national welfare,
pp. 45, 73.

Constant, Benjamin: his individualism,

pp. lix, 170. His insistence on 'guar-
antees,' pp. 130-32.

Contract as a theory of the origin of
society, pp. xix-xxii, liv-lxi, 129. As
a theory of the origin of Government,
pp. lxi-lxv, 49, 85-6, 156-7. To Rous-
seau, the social contract commonly a
historical fact or, at least, a tacit
understanding; seldom a mere idea of
Right, pp. xix-xx, 12-15. A tied con-
tract, involving 'total surrender' of the
individual, pp. xxii-xxiv, 13-14; with
no freedom of choice to those who con-
clude it, pp. 129-30. Hence, strictly
speaking, no contract at all, pp. lx-lxi,
130. A different form of the theory
indicated in the Discours sur l'in-
égalité, p. 129.

Contrat social, Du: circumstances of its
composition and publication, p. xi.
Rousseau's vacillation over its title, p.
125. The persecution which followed
it, pp. xlvii-xlviii. Its historical im-
portance, as the death-blow to indi-
vidualism, pp. xlviii-liii. Early Draft
of (Geneva MS.), pp. xi, xv, xvi, xx,
xxi, xxiii, xxx, xxxvii, 125, 126, 128,
137, 141, 154.

Corsica Rousseau's belief that it was

'the only country in Europe capable
of legislation,' p. 44. Invited to legis-
late for it, p. 142. His Projet de con-
stitution pour la Corse, pp. li, 130,

134, 142, 151.

Corvée less oppressive and immoral
than taxes, pp. 82, 151.

Cromwell: to Rousseau, type of an in-
triguer, pp. 90, 120.

:

Democracy to Rousseau, a form of
Government in which the Executive is
lodged with the whole community, pp.
xxxiii, 57-9. Objections to it, pp. 27,
57-8. Only fit for a people of gods,'
pp. 59, 96. Vacillation in his use of the
term, particularly as to the Govern-
ment of Geneva, p. 144. Alleged his-
torical law that the natural progress is
from Democracy, through Aristocracy,
to Monarchy; not vice versa, pp. 74,
149-50. His inconsistent use of Demo-
cracy, to explain the formation of
Government, pp. 86, 157-8.

Dialogues (Rousseau juge de Jean-
Jacques): references to, pp. xv, xlii,
xlviii, 142, 146, 163.

Diderot his article on Droit naturel,
in l'Encyclopédie (1755), p. 128. Rous-
seau's answer to it, pp. xv, xvi, 128,
172-78.

Discours sur les sciences et les arts: in-
direct reference to, pp. 74, 149.

Discours sur l'inégalité: its apparent
individualism, how far to be reconciled
with Rousseau's doctrine of the State,
pp. xiii-xviii, 126. References to, pp.
xvii, xxiv, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133.
Dreyfus-Brisac, M.: his edition of the
Contrat social, pp. 125, 160, 167.
Droit de guerre as preached by Grotius,
refutation of, pp. xxi, 8-11, 127-8.
Droit de premier occupant: an imperfect
right, until confirmed by the State, pp.
18-20, 132-35.

Droit d'esclavage as preached by
Grotius, refutation of, pp. xxi, 7-9, 127.
Droit du plus fort: no right at all, either
for Sovereignty, or for Property, pp.
xxi, 6-7, 18-20, 133.

Du Peyrou Rousseau's 'universal trus-
tee' and editor of his Works (1782), p.
166.

Economie politique: anticipates the lead-
ing ideas of the Contrat social, pp.
xiii-xiv, but differs in its account of
Property, pp. 132-4. Its elaboration
of the idea of the State, as an organism,
p. xxviii. Function assigned to the
Law in, p. xxxii. Rejects the theory
of the patriarchal origin of the State
more decisively than the Contrat social,
p. 126. References to, pp. xxxii, xxxiv,
Xxxvi, 127, 129, 137, 139, 143, 144, 147,
161, 163.
Education: importance of to the life of the
State, indicated without any attempt
to pursue the subject, pp. 47, 143.
Rousseau's Parallel between public
and private Education, p. 143.
Emile: its apparent individualism, how
far to be reconciled with Rousseau's
doctrine of the State, pp. xiii-xviii.
Persecution following on its publica-
tion, p. xlvii. References to, pp. xxiv,
xli, liii, 126, 127, 133, 134, 135, 139, 152,
155, 163, 168.
England: individualism died hard in,
pp. xix, xlix, lix. Effects of this upon
English industrial system, pp. xlix-l.
Theory of Contract in England favoured
by the growth of Puritanism, p. lv.
Locke's theory of Government partly
due to same cause, pp. lxiii-lxv. Ana-
logy between Speaker of the House
of Commons and Tribunes of Rome,
p. 81. The English believe themselves
free; but, owing to their representa-
tive
system, neither are, nor are worthy
to be, so, p. 83; contrast, p. 14. Com-
mittee of the whole House, an analogy
to the step by which legitimate Govern-
ments are formed, p. 87. King of
England Head of the Church in name,
but not in fact, p. 117. Rousseau mis-
led by the apparent monarchical re-
action under George III., pp. 145, 149.
Rousseau's revolt against the cult of
the English Constitution, pp. 83, 152.

Equality with liberty, the chief end of
the State, pp. xiv, xvi, 20, 27, 44.
Not
necessary, however, that (either in re-
spect of power or property) it should
be absolute, pp. li, 45. Constant tend-
ency of social institutions to destroy it,
and duty of the Law to maintain it,
pp. 20, 45, 134.

Etat de guerre, Rousseau's Fragment
concerning: its results-War is not
between individuals, but between States
-partially summarised in C.S. I. iv.
References to, pp. xxix, 127, 130, 168.

Family, the possibly the 'first model of

civil society,' p. 45; contrast, p. 127.
Finance: 'a slave's word,' pp. 82, 151.
France: Rousseau's veiled hopes for re-
volution in, p. liii. Allusions to mon-
archical misgovernment in, pp. 62.66,
146. Nutritive properties of French
grain and pulse, as compared with those
grown in northern and southern clim-
ates, p. 72. Intolerable grievances of
French Protestants, pp. 123-4, 165. In-
dividualism of French liberalism in the
nineteenth century, p. 131. Restric-
tion on Regencies in France, p. 148.
Allusions to the wars of the Fronde,
pp. 74, 90, 149, 159. Position of Tiers
État in, pp. 83, 151. Rousseau's long
residence in, p. 146. Scruples about
abusing the hospitality of, ib. His
relations with the Government of, pp.
146-7. His flight from, p. xlvii.

Geneva: Rousseau's admiration for Con-
stitution of, pp. 3, 125. He' wrote for
the benefit of his country and of other

small States,' p. 142. Constitution of,
described by implication as aristocratic
in C.S., pp. 3, 144; elsewhere as demo-
cratic, p. 144. End of C.S. Book III.
(chaps. xiii.-xviii.) written to combat
the usurpations of the Executive of,
pp. 150, 159. Decree for Rousseau's
arrest issued by, pp. xlvii, xlviii; C.S.
and Émile to be burned, ib. Rousseau's
Lettres de la Montagne and civil war
at Geneva, p. 150.

Government: idea of Contract applied
to explain the origin of, pp. Ixi-lxv,
156-7. Rousseau half accepts this
theory in the Discours sur l'inégalité,
p. 129; repudiates it in C.S., PP. 49,
85-6, 143, 156. His account of the
institution of Government, pp. 86-8,
157-9. Periodical Assemblies, a means
of checking the usurpations of, pp.
88-9, 159. Government to be sharply
distinguished from Sovereignty, p. 49.
'Every legitimate Government is re-
publican' i.e. rests on the sovereignty
of the people, pp. 32, 144. Different
forms of Government suited to different
circumstances, pp. xxxiii-xxxvii, 39-
41, 51, 57, 68-74. Discussion of De-

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Gouvernement de Pologne (1772): Rous-
seau's debt to Montesquieu repaid with
interest in, p. xxxv. Its insistence on
the importance of circumstance and
historical tradition, pp. xxxv-xxxvii.
References to, pp. xxxiii, xxxvi, li,
128, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149,
151, 152, 159, 160, 161.
Grotius: his acceptance of Contract as
the origin of civil society, pp. lv, 89.
His views on the 'right of slavery' and
the 'right of war' combated, pp. 5-11,
127-8, 129. His criticism of Hobbes,

pp. 117, 164.

Héloïse, la nouvelle: references to, pp.
xl, xli, 113, 161.

Henri IV: his reason for joining the
Roman Church, a reason against it,
pp. 124, 165.
Hobbes (described in L'état de guerre
as 'un des plus beaux génies qui aient
existé): strong points of contact between
his political theory and that of Rous-
seau, pp. xxii, lix. Outrageous conse-
quences and speculative inconsistency
of his theory, pp. lv-lvii. The idea of
'natural law' (and therefore natural
right) an alien element in it, as Spinoza
detected, p. lvii. His repudiation of
Contract, as the foundation of Govern-
ment, pp. lxii, lxv, 156. Rousseau's
criticism of his theory, pp. 5, 7-9, 11-12,
21, 128. Rousseau's partial agreement
with him as to 'civil religion,' p. 117.
Hume his revival of the utilitarian
theory of Government, p. lviii.

Individualism: elements of it in Rous-
seau's political theory, p. xiii; how far
to be reconciled with the general up-
shot of that theory, pp. xiii-xix. Rous-
seau its most powerful assailant, pp.
xxii-xxvii, xlviii-l. Its evil conse-
quences in practice, p. xlix. Its con-
nexion with the theory of Contract,

pp. lvi, lxi. Influence of, upon the
Constitution of 1791, p. lxvii. Indi-
vidualist elements in Rousseau's theory
of Property, pp. 132-3; and in his view
of religion, pp. 162-3.

Institutio Christianae Religionis, Cal-
vin's referred to, p. 35.
Institutions politiques: the original
design, of which the C.S. is a fragment,
References to, pp. 2, 124, 125,

p. xi.

155.

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Kant his Rechtslehre strongly in-
fluenced by Rousseau, p. 169.
Klootz, Anacharsis: his defence of
'inequalities of wealth,' p. 134.

Languet his theory that Government
originates in a contract between the
governor and the governed, p. lxi.
Law: Rousseau's doctrine of, pp. xxxi-
xxxii, 30-3. Political, civil, criminal,
customary, pp. 46-8, 143. Laws the
'articles of civil association, pp. 33,
140. The legislative power the main-
spring of the State, p. 78. A well-
governed State needs few laws, pp. 90,
159. Originality of Rousseau's doctrine
of, p. 139.

Law, natural: Rousseau's rejection of,
pp. 31, 86, 128, 139, 172-8; anticipated
by Spinoza, p. lvii. Accepted by
Hobbes and Locke, but in different
senses, pp. lvii, lviii. Inconsistencies
of Hobbes, p. lvii.

Lawgiver, the: Rousseau's doctrine of,
pp. xvii, lii, 33-46, 140, 141.
Rousseau

invited to give laws to Corsica, p. 142.
League, Catholic: pp. xlvi, lxi.
Lettre à Chr. de Beaumont: references
to, pp. xv, xvii, 162, 164, 165.
Lettre à d'Alembert: references to, pp.

113, 144.

Lettres de la Montagne: references to,

pp. xix, xx, xxi, xlviii, 125, 129, 144,
145, 159, 160.
Locke: contrast between his Social
Contract and that of Hobbes and of
Rousseau, pp. xxi-xxii, xxiv-xxvi,
lviii-lix. Rousseau's curious statement
that the C.S. is written on principles
exactly the same as Locke's, p. lix.
Locke's relation to the theory that
Government is founded on Contract,
pp. lxiii-lxv, 156-7. His individualist
doctrine of Property, p. 133. His
limited plea for Toleration, p. xl.
Lycurgus: the chief model of Rousseau's
Lawgiver, p. 140. References to, pp.
35, 38. His law against ' partial associ-
ations,' p. 25.

Machiavelli: his probable influence upon
the chapter on Civil Religion, p. 162.
Il Principe, a satire on Monarchy,
pp. 63, 147. References to, pp. 25,
37, 74, 75, 150, 161.

Maistre, Joseph de: his criticism of
Rousseau, pp. 170, 171.

Masson: his Religion de J.-J. Rousseau,
pp. xlviii, 169, 171.

Mercier, Sébastien: his Book on Rous-
seau and the French Revolution, pp.
xii, 148, 168.

Milton: his acceptance of a Social Con-
tract, p. lv. Government to him not a
Contract but a Trust, p. 156. His
limited acceptance of toleration, p. xl..
Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré, comte de:
his protest against the limitation on
religious liberty embodied in the De-
claration of Rights, p. lxviii.
Mirabeau, Victor Riquetti, marquis de :
Rousseau's profession of his political
faith to, pp. xv, 144.

Moi commun, le (corporate self): Rous-
seau's account of, pp. xxii-xxix, 14,

52, 130.

Monarchy: illegitimate, if absolute;
legitimate, if limited, pp. xxxiii, 61-
66, 144, 145-6. 'Kings wish to be
absolute,' pp. 61, 146. Rousseau's
discussion of, pp. 61-6. His criticism
of Hobbes' and Grotius' glorification
of, pp. 4-11.

Moniteur, Le: references to, pp. 136,
143, 153, 154, 160.
Montesquieu: had undermined the indi-
vidualist theory from the side of
history, p. xviii. His influence upon
Rousseau, pp. xxxiv-xxxvii; especially
upon Rousseau's later writings, io.
His teaching widened and deepened by
Rousseau, pp. xxxv, xxxvii. Rousseau
criticises his definition of 'law' as
'metaphysical,' pp. 31, 139. Rous-
seau's revolt against his admiration for
the English Constitution and the
Representative System, pp. 83, 152.
Rousseau adopts his doctrine as to the
'separation of powers,' with a differ-
ence, pp. 21, 136. His influence upon
the chapter on Civil Religion, p. 162.
References to, pp. 34, 46, 58, 68, 74, 95.
Voltaire's attack upon him, p. 141.

Napoleon his adroit manipulation of
the Constitution drafted by Sieyès (an
VIII), pp. lxvi-lxvii, lxxxí. Poses as
the sole representative' of the French
nation, p. 154.

Numa: his name a symbol of the
mythical character of early Roman
history, p. 97.

Organism: the State as, pp. xxvii-xxix.
Paix perpétuelle: references to, pp.
146, 155.

Peter of Russia: his genius imitative,
not creative hence his mistakes, pp.

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