nous de tirer du mal même le remède qui doit le guérir. Par de nouvelles associations, corrigeons, s'il se peut, le défaut de l'association générale. Que notre violent interlocuteur juge luimême du succès. Montrons-lui, dans l'art perfectionné, la réparation des maux que l'art commencé fit à la nature; montrons-lui toute la misère de l'état qu'il croyait heureux, tout le faux du raisonnement qu'il croyait solide. Qu'il voie dans une meilleure constitution de choses le prix des bonnes actions, le châtiment des mauvaises et l'accord aimable de la justice et du bonheur. Éclairons sa raison de nouvelles lumières, échauffons son cœur de nouveaux sentiments, et qu'il apprenne à multiplier son être et sa félicité, en les partageant avec ses semblables. Sí mon zèle ne m'aveugle pas dans cette entreprise, ne doutons point qu'avec une âme forte et un sens droit cet ennemi du genre humain n'abjure enfin sa haine, avec ses erreurs; que la raison qui l'égarait ne le ramène à l'humanité ; qu'il n'apprenne à préférer à son intérêt apparent son intérêt bien entendu; qu'il ne devienne bon, vertueux, sensible, et pour tout dire enfin, d'un brigand féroce, qu'il voulait être, le plus ferme appui d'une société bien ordonnée.
Agriculture: respect of the Romans for, pp. 98-9.
d'Alembert: his article on Geneva in l'Encyclopédie, p. 14.
d'Antraigues, Comte: 'Sixteen Chapters
on Federation' entrusted to by Rous- seau, and subsequently destroyed, pp. 154-5.
d'Argenson (French Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1744-47): his Considérations sur le Gouvernement de la France quoted, pp. 5, 24, 45, 122. His ad- vocacy of Provincial States, but sus- picion of States General, p. 160. Aristocracy: the 'best and most natural form of Government,' pp. xxxiii, 60. Its three forms: natural, elective and hereditary. The last, the worst of all Governments, the second the best, pp. 60, 75, 145.
Aristotle his views on the 'natural priority of the State, p. 126; on the
natural inequality' of men, p. 5. His alleged preference for placing the Government in the hands of the rich, p. 61. His definition of the tyrant, p. 77. Association: Rousseau's ban on all 'par- tial' associations, pp. xxx, xlii-xlvii; pp. 24-5. Fatal consequences of this doctrine, pp. xlii-xlvii.
Athens: confusion of Legislative and Executive powers in her Constitution, P. 27. Her cult of Letters, p. 46. Aulard, M. references to his Histoire politique de la Révolution française, pp. 134, 155, 171.
Bayle his belief that religion is useless, or worse than useless, for civic pur- poses, pp. 117, 162.
Beaulavon, M.: his edition of the Con- trat social, pp. xxxvii, 157, 169,
of its hereditary Aristocracy, pp. 60, 90. A less favourable judgment of, p. 145.
Bodin: his Six livres de la République quoted, pp. 14, 130.
Bosscha: his Correspondance de J.-J. Rousseau avec M. M. Rey quoted, pp. xi, 146, 147, 165.
Boucher: his De justa Henrici III. abdicatione, p. lxi.
Burke his double assault on Rousseau, as individualist and the contrary, pp. xiii, 170. His exaltation of the State, as divinely ordained, p. xxv. His cari- cature of Rousseau, p. xxxvi. His conception of the 'rights' of men, as their 'advantages,' p. xlv. His points of contact with Rousseau, p. xlix. His belief that the civil state is natural to man, p. 126. His Letters on a Regicide Peace, p. 130. On popula- tion as a test of good government, p. 149. His objection to 'imperative mandates,' p. 152.
Caligula his theory of Government, pp. 5, 34, 113, 127.
Calvin his greatness as Lawgiver of Geneva, pp. 35, 140.
Catherine II. of Russia: mutual flattery between her and the French 'philo- sophers,' p. 141.
Catholicism: an anti-civic religion, pp. xxxix-xlii, 116-18, 122-24.
Censureship of Morals: its functions and limitations, pp. 112-13.
Chardin his Voyages en Perse, pp. 70,
Choiseul, Duc de (Chief Minister of France, 1758-70): Rousseau's unfor- tunate compliment to, pp. 63, 147. Christianity: favourable to the social, fatal to the civic, spirit, pp. xxxvii. xxxix, 113-24, 162-3.
Civil Religion: Rousseau's views on, pp. xxxvii-xliii, 113:24:
Clients an admirable institution, pp. 103, 161.
Climate: influence of, pp. xxxv, 42, 45- 46, 68-73.
Commerce: no test of national welfare, pp. 45, 73.
Constant, Benjamin: his individualism,
pp. lix, 170. His insistence on 'guar- antees,' pp. 130-32.
Contract as a theory of the origin of society, pp. xix-xxii, liv-lxi, 129. As a theory of the origin of Government, pp. lxi-lxv, 49, 85-6, 156-7. To Rous- seau, the social contract commonly a historical fact or, at least, a tacit understanding; seldom a mere idea of Right, pp. xix-xx, 12-15. A tied con- tract, involving 'total surrender' of the individual, pp. xxii-xxiv, 13-14; with no freedom of choice to those who con- clude it, pp. 129-30. Hence, strictly speaking, no contract at all, pp. lx-lxi, 130. A different form of the theory indicated in the Discours sur l'in- égalité, p. 129.
Contrat social, Du: circumstances of its composition and publication, p. xi. Rousseau's vacillation over its title, p. 125. The persecution which followed it, pp. xlvii-xlviii. Its historical im- portance, as the death-blow to indi- vidualism, pp. xlviii-liii. Early Draft of (Geneva MS.), pp. xi, xv, xvi, xx, xxi, xxiii, xxx, xxxvii, 125, 126, 128, 137, 141, 154.
Corsica Rousseau's belief that it was
'the only country in Europe capable of legislation,' p. 44. Invited to legis- late for it, p. 142. His Projet de con- stitution pour la Corse, pp. li, 130,
Corvée less oppressive and immoral than taxes, pp. 82, 151.
Cromwell: to Rousseau, type of an in- triguer, pp. 90, 120.
Democracy to Rousseau, a form of Government in which the Executive is lodged with the whole community, pp. xxxiii, 57-9. Objections to it, pp. 27, 57-8. Only fit for a people of gods,' pp. 59, 96. Vacillation in his use of the term, particularly as to the Govern- ment of Geneva, p. 144. Alleged his- torical law that the natural progress is from Democracy, through Aristocracy, to Monarchy; not vice versa, pp. 74, 149-50. His inconsistent use of Demo- cracy, to explain the formation of Government, pp. 86, 157-8.
Dialogues (Rousseau juge de Jean- Jacques): references to, pp. xv, xlii, xlviii, 142, 146, 163.
Diderot his article on Droit naturel, in l'Encyclopédie (1755), p. 128. Rous- seau's answer to it, pp. xv, xvi, 128, 172-78.
Discours sur les sciences et les arts: in- direct reference to, pp. 74, 149.
Discours sur l'inégalité: its apparent individualism, how far to be reconciled with Rousseau's doctrine of the State, pp. xiii-xviii, 126. References to, pp. xvii, xxiv, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133. Dreyfus-Brisac, M.: his edition of the Contrat social, pp. 125, 160, 167. Droit de guerre as preached by Grotius, refutation of, pp. xxi, 8-11, 127-8. Droit de premier occupant: an imperfect right, until confirmed by the State, pp. 18-20, 132-35.
Droit d'esclavage as preached by Grotius, refutation of, pp. xxi, 7-9, 127. Droit du plus fort: no right at all, either for Sovereignty, or for Property, pp. xxi, 6-7, 18-20, 133.
Du Peyrou Rousseau's 'universal trus- tee' and editor of his Works (1782), p. 166.
Economie politique: anticipates the lead- ing ideas of the Contrat social, pp. xiii-xiv, but differs in its account of Property, pp. 132-4. Its elaboration of the idea of the State, as an organism, p. xxviii. Function assigned to the Law in, p. xxxii. Rejects the theory of the patriarchal origin of the State more decisively than the Contrat social, p. 126. References to, pp. xxxii, xxxiv, Xxxvi, 127, 129, 137, 139, 143, 144, 147, 161, 163. Education: importance of to the life of the State, indicated without any attempt to pursue the subject, pp. 47, 143. Rousseau's Parallel between public and private Education, p. 143. Emile: its apparent individualism, how far to be reconciled with Rousseau's doctrine of the State, pp. xiii-xviii. Persecution following on its publica- tion, p. xlvii. References to, pp. xxiv, xli, liii, 126, 127, 133, 134, 135, 139, 152, 155, 163, 168. England: individualism died hard in, pp. xix, xlix, lix. Effects of this upon English industrial system, pp. xlix-l. Theory of Contract in England favoured by the growth of Puritanism, p. lv. Locke's theory of Government partly due to same cause, pp. lxiii-lxv. Ana- logy between Speaker of the House of Commons and Tribunes of Rome, p. 81. The English believe themselves free; but, owing to their representa- tive system, neither are, nor are worthy to be, so, p. 83; contrast, p. 14. Com- mittee of the whole House, an analogy to the step by which legitimate Govern- ments are formed, p. 87. King of England Head of the Church in name, but not in fact, p. 117. Rousseau mis- led by the apparent monarchical re- action under George III., pp. 145, 149. Rousseau's revolt against the cult of the English Constitution, pp. 83, 152.
Equality with liberty, the chief end of the State, pp. xiv, xvi, 20, 27, 44. Not necessary, however, that (either in re- spect of power or property) it should be absolute, pp. li, 45. Constant tend- ency of social institutions to destroy it, and duty of the Law to maintain it, pp. 20, 45, 134.
Etat de guerre, Rousseau's Fragment concerning: its results-War is not between individuals, but between States -partially summarised in C.S. I. iv. References to, pp. xxix, 127, 130, 168.
Family, the possibly the 'first model of
civil society,' p. 45; contrast, p. 127. Finance: 'a slave's word,' pp. 82, 151. France: Rousseau's veiled hopes for re- volution in, p. liii. Allusions to mon- archical misgovernment in, pp. 62.66, 146. Nutritive properties of French grain and pulse, as compared with those grown in northern and southern clim- ates, p. 72. Intolerable grievances of French Protestants, pp. 123-4, 165. In- dividualism of French liberalism in the nineteenth century, p. 131. Restric- tion on Regencies in France, p. 148. Allusions to the wars of the Fronde, pp. 74, 90, 149, 159. Position of Tiers État in, pp. 83, 151. Rousseau's long residence in, p. 146. Scruples about abusing the hospitality of, ib. His relations with the Government of, pp. 146-7. His flight from, p. xlvii.
Geneva: Rousseau's admiration for Con- stitution of, pp. 3, 125. He' wrote for the benefit of his country and of other
small States,' p. 142. Constitution of, described by implication as aristocratic in C.S., pp. 3, 144; elsewhere as demo- cratic, p. 144. End of C.S. Book III. (chaps. xiii.-xviii.) written to combat the usurpations of the Executive of, pp. 150, 159. Decree for Rousseau's arrest issued by, pp. xlvii, xlviii; C.S. and Émile to be burned, ib. Rousseau's Lettres de la Montagne and civil war at Geneva, p. 150.
Government: idea of Contract applied to explain the origin of, pp. Ixi-lxv, 156-7. Rousseau half accepts this theory in the Discours sur l'inégalité, p. 129; repudiates it in C.S., PP. 49, 85-6, 143, 156. His account of the institution of Government, pp. 86-8, 157-9. Periodical Assemblies, a means of checking the usurpations of, pp. 88-9, 159. Government to be sharply distinguished from Sovereignty, p. 49. 'Every legitimate Government is re- publican' i.e. rests on the sovereignty of the people, pp. 32, 144. Different forms of Government suited to different circumstances, pp. xxxiii-xxxvii, 39- 41, 51, 57, 68-74. Discussion of De-
Gouvernement de Pologne (1772): Rous- seau's debt to Montesquieu repaid with interest in, p. xxxv. Its insistence on the importance of circumstance and historical tradition, pp. xxxv-xxxvii. References to, pp. xxxiii, xxxvi, li, 128, 141, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 152, 159, 160, 161. Grotius: his acceptance of Contract as the origin of civil society, pp. lv, 89. His views on the 'right of slavery' and the 'right of war' combated, pp. 5-11, 127-8, 129. His criticism of Hobbes,
Héloïse, la nouvelle: references to, pp. xl, xli, 113, 161.
Henri IV: his reason for joining the Roman Church, a reason against it, pp. 124, 165. Hobbes (described in L'état de guerre as 'un des plus beaux génies qui aient existé): strong points of contact between his political theory and that of Rous- seau, pp. xxii, lix. Outrageous conse- quences and speculative inconsistency of his theory, pp. lv-lvii. The idea of 'natural law' (and therefore natural right) an alien element in it, as Spinoza detected, p. lvii. His repudiation of Contract, as the foundation of Govern- ment, pp. lxii, lxv, 156. Rousseau's criticism of his theory, pp. 5, 7-9, 11-12, 21, 128. Rousseau's partial agreement with him as to 'civil religion,' p. 117. Hume his revival of the utilitarian theory of Government, p. lviii.
Individualism: elements of it in Rous- seau's political theory, p. xiii; how far to be reconciled with the general up- shot of that theory, pp. xiii-xix. Rous- seau its most powerful assailant, pp. xxii-xxvii, xlviii-l. Its evil conse- quences in practice, p. xlix. Its con- nexion with the theory of Contract,
pp. lvi, lxi. Influence of, upon the Constitution of 1791, p. lxvii. Indi- vidualist elements in Rousseau's theory of Property, pp. 132-3; and in his view of religion, pp. 162-3.
Institutio Christianae Religionis, Cal- vin's referred to, p. 35. Institutions politiques: the original design, of which the C.S. is a fragment, References to, pp. 2, 124, 125,
Kant his Rechtslehre strongly in- fluenced by Rousseau, p. 169. Klootz, Anacharsis: his defence of 'inequalities of wealth,' p. 134.
Languet his theory that Government originates in a contract between the governor and the governed, p. lxi. Law: Rousseau's doctrine of, pp. xxxi- xxxii, 30-3. Political, civil, criminal, customary, pp. 46-8, 143. Laws the 'articles of civil association, pp. 33, 140. The legislative power the main- spring of the State, p. 78. A well- governed State needs few laws, pp. 90, 159. Originality of Rousseau's doctrine of, p. 139.
Law, natural: Rousseau's rejection of, pp. 31, 86, 128, 139, 172-8; anticipated by Spinoza, p. lvii. Accepted by Hobbes and Locke, but in different senses, pp. lvii, lviii. Inconsistencies of Hobbes, p. lvii.
Lawgiver, the: Rousseau's doctrine of, pp. xvii, lii, 33-46, 140, 141. Rousseau
invited to give laws to Corsica, p. 142. League, Catholic: pp. xlvi, lxi. Lettre à Chr. de Beaumont: references to, pp. xv, xvii, 162, 164, 165. Lettre à d'Alembert: references to, pp.
Lettres de la Montagne: references to,
pp. xix, xx, xxi, xlviii, 125, 129, 144, 145, 159, 160. Locke: contrast between his Social Contract and that of Hobbes and of Rousseau, pp. xxi-xxii, xxiv-xxvi, lviii-lix. Rousseau's curious statement that the C.S. is written on principles exactly the same as Locke's, p. lix. Locke's relation to the theory that Government is founded on Contract, pp. lxiii-lxv, 156-7. His individualist doctrine of Property, p. 133. His limited plea for Toleration, p. xl. Lycurgus: the chief model of Rousseau's Lawgiver, p. 140. References to, pp. 35, 38. His law against ' partial associ- ations,' p. 25.
Machiavelli: his probable influence upon the chapter on Civil Religion, p. 162. Il Principe, a satire on Monarchy, pp. 63, 147. References to, pp. 25, 37, 74, 75, 150, 161.
Maistre, Joseph de: his criticism of Rousseau, pp. 170, 171.
Masson: his Religion de J.-J. Rousseau, pp. xlviii, 169, 171.
Mercier, Sébastien: his Book on Rous- seau and the French Revolution, pp. xii, 148, 168.
Milton: his acceptance of a Social Con- tract, p. lv. Government to him not a Contract but a Trust, p. 156. His limited acceptance of toleration, p. xl.. Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré, comte de: his protest against the limitation on religious liberty embodied in the De- claration of Rights, p. lxviii. Mirabeau, Victor Riquetti, marquis de : Rousseau's profession of his political faith to, pp. xv, 144.
Moi commun, le (corporate self): Rous- seau's account of, pp. xxii-xxix, 14,
Monarchy: illegitimate, if absolute; legitimate, if limited, pp. xxxiii, 61- 66, 144, 145-6. 'Kings wish to be absolute,' pp. 61, 146. Rousseau's discussion of, pp. 61-6. His criticism of Hobbes' and Grotius' glorification of, pp. 4-11.
Moniteur, Le: references to, pp. 136, 143, 153, 154, 160. Montesquieu: had undermined the indi- vidualist theory from the side of history, p. xviii. His influence upon Rousseau, pp. xxxiv-xxxvii; especially upon Rousseau's later writings, io. His teaching widened and deepened by Rousseau, pp. xxxv, xxxvii. Rousseau criticises his definition of 'law' as 'metaphysical,' pp. 31, 139. Rous- seau's revolt against his admiration for the English Constitution and the Representative System, pp. 83, 152. Rousseau adopts his doctrine as to the 'separation of powers,' with a differ- ence, pp. 21, 136. His influence upon the chapter on Civil Religion, p. 162. References to, pp. 34, 46, 58, 68, 74, 95. Voltaire's attack upon him, p. 141.
Napoleon his adroit manipulation of the Constitution drafted by Sieyès (an VIII), pp. lxvi-lxvii, lxxxí. Poses as the sole representative' of the French nation, p. 154.
Numa: his name a symbol of the mythical character of early Roman history, p. 97.
Organism: the State as, pp. xxvii-xxix. Paix perpétuelle: references to, pp. 146, 155.
Peter of Russia: his genius imitative, not creative hence his mistakes, pp.
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