which the one is forced into violent conflict with the other. Nor is this only in war-an evil which may be uprooted, and which Rousseau himself did his utmost to uproot. On the contrary, as

he was never tired of urging, it is a conflict which never ceases and never wavers : a conflict of principles, a conflict of tempers and ideals. It is the ideal of Christianity to subdue the passions; it is the ideal of the civil religion to enlist them in the service of the State. And, when once enlisted in that service, the stronger the passions, the more vigorous will be the life of the State; the more heroic also will be the individual character that results (see Éc. pol., Euvres, iii. pp. 291-92; L'état de guerre, Pol. Writ. i. p. 298). In truth, the conflict was nowhere so keen as in his own heart. Throughout life, he was torn between the two ideals: between an exaggerated Christianity, a Christianity carried to the extreme of quietism, on the one hand, and an exaggerated patriotism, the patriotism of Cato or Sparta, upon the other. It is one form of that conflict between the instinct of individual isolation and the reasoned conviction that the individual must be rigorously subordinated to the community, which runs through all his writings and which he was never able entirely to reconcile. See Éc. pol., Euvres, iii. p. 288: a striking contrast between Socrates and Cato, where, behind the figure of Socrates, it is easy to recognise that of the Christian Saint; Émile, Book II., Œuvres, ii. pp. 47–52; Dialogues, ii. pp. 192-214; especially p. 204: Le goût de la rêverie devient une passion très vive pour peu qu'il soit secondé par l'imagination. C'est ce qui arrive très fréquemment aux Orientaux ; c'est ce qui est arrivé à Jean-Jacques, qui leur ressemble à bien des égards; and iii. ib. p. 284.

P. 114 l. 909. l'empire du monde. After this, the first Draft has 'et en suivaient sans souci les partages des mortels.'

P. 116 1. 963. telle fut la cause des persécutions. In a Neuchâtel manuscript (7842) is the following note 'pour le dernier chapitre du Contrat social': Et ils contreviennent aux ordonnances de César, en disant qu'il y a un autre Roi qu'ils nomment Jésus (Acts xvii. 7).

P. 117 1. 998. législateur dans sa partie. Many modern editors read 'dans sa patrie,' against the authentic editions, and indeed the ; 'dans sa partie' means 'in their sphere.'

sense

P. 117 l. 1001. de tous les auteurs chrétiens. Some modern

editors read 'de tous les autres chrétiens,' against the authentic editions and the sense.

P. 117 l. 1013. For Bayle see above. For Warburton, Divine Legation of Moses, ii. §§ 5, 6: Alliance between Church and State, P. 173 seq.

P. 117. Note 1. concitoyens. Many modern editors read 'citoyens,' against the authentic editions.

P. 117. Note 2. The words of Grotius are: Librum De Cive vidi. Placent quae pro regibus dicit. Fundamenta tamen, quibus suas sententias superstruit, probare non possum. Putat inter homines omnes natura esse bellum; et alia quaedam habet nostris non congruentia. Nam et privati cujusque officium putat sequi religionem in patria sua probatam, si non assensu, at obsequio. Sunt et alia quaedam quae probare non possum' (Epistolæ, Amst. 1687, Fol. p. 952).

P. 118 l. 1044. on peut appeler celle-ci.

Ed. 1782 and many

modern editors read 'celui-ci,' against ed. 1762 and the sense.

The

remark applies to the religion of the Lamas and of the Japanese, as well as to Catholicism: celle-ci' is therefore necessary.

l'utilité

P. 121 l. 1176. le droit que le pacte social publique. The reference is to Book II. Chap. iv. ll. 164–174.

P. 122. Note 1. dans la république, dit le marquis d'Argenson. Rousseau quotes the sense rather than the words of d'Argenson (Considérations, pp. 18-20).

P. 123 l. 1214. ceux qui distinguent l'intolérance civile. It was a favourite, though not very sincere, plea with Voltaire and other 'philosophers' of Rousseau's day that, provided all opinions were tolerated by the State, the sectaries of each opinion (religious or irreligious) were free to think and speak as ill of their opponents as they pleased. Rousseau, very justly, assails this doctrine, on the ground that intolerance of thought and speech is bound to lead to intolerance of action: in other words, that the distinction between theological and civil intolerance is illogical and untenable. In the Lettre à Chr. de Beaumont, he takes the much more questionable ground that, while theological intolerance is always pernicious, civil intolerance is permissible and perhaps expedient: i.e. that the State has the right to establish one religion and to prohibit all the rest; though, having once permitted the introduction of another religion, it is bound to keep faith and tolerate it for all time (EŒuvres, iii. pp. 94-95).

P. 123. Note. This note gave Rousseau much anxiety. He wrote and rewrote it while the book was in the press, but finally cancelled it at the last moment. It made its way, however, into some few copies of the first edition (1762), but did not appear authoritatively until that of 1782. At one moment Rousseau thought of writing a separate treatise in favour of the French Protestants, but his own troubles seem to have driven the design from his mind. (See Bosscha, pp. 145-56.) Compare his letters, Œuvres, x. p. 273, xi. pp. 164, 193; see also Lettre à Chr. de Beaumont, (Euvres, iii. pp. 94–96).

P. 124 l. 1235. tout prince qui saurait raisonner. An allusion to the story that, while the Huguenot pastors assured Henry that he could be saved in either religion, the Catholic clergy warned him that salvation was possible only in the Roman Church.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. AUTHENTIC EDITIONS, AND MS. OF ORIGINAL DRAFT

(a) There are only two authentic editions of the Contrat social:

1. The Editio princeps, published (8vo and 12mo) by Rey, Amsterdam, in the spring of 1762, and corrected for the press by Rousseau himself.

2. The posthumous collected edition of 1782 (Geneva, 17 vols. 4to ; 33 vols. 8vo and 12mo), prepared by Rousseau's friend and 'universal trustee,' du Peyrou. The Contrat social is to be found in vol. i. of the 4to edition and vol. ii. of the 12mo, the only two 'formats' which I have been able to use.

This edition contains two slight emendations in the text (both in Book IV. chap. viii.) and four additional notes (I. iv., III. vi., IV. vii., and IV. viii.). The former were probably taken from some copy of ed. 1762, corrected by Rousseau himself. Three of the latter (I. iv. and III. vi.) were drawn either from that same source, or from MS. Neuchâtel, 7842, where the two first are to be found in Rousseau's autograph; while the fourth (IV. viii.), which appears in some few copies of ed. 1762 but was suppressed in the rest from motives of prudence, was probably taken from one of the unexpurgated copies.

Apart from these emendations and additions, this edition corrects one or two obvious misprints of ed. 1762; it also contains a few variations from that edition, almost invariably alterations for the worse. The natural inference is that both corrections and alterations are due to du Peyrou, who, however, was an extremely careful editor. The net result is that, bating the two emendations and the three additions, the edition of 1762 must be regarded as the final authority for the text. It may be added that Bozerian's edition of 1801 (25 vols. 12mo, Paris), edited by Naigeon and others, claims to have been revised, so far as the Contrat is concerned, from the copy belonging to Romilly and 'corrected by the hand of the author.' Having carefully examined it and found that, except for some variations manifestly due to the caprice of the editors, it is identical with the edition of 1782, I do not consider that it can claim any independent authority.

(6) An early version of the Contrat social, Books I. and II., together with a rough draft of the chapter on Civil Religion (IV. viii.), is to be found in the Geneva Library (MS. français, 225). It is in Rousseau's clearest hand, and is evidently the copy which he showed to Rey in Dec. 1760 and which, until the last moment, he intended for the press;

the second half of it (Books III. and IV.) has been torn off and lost. Owing to its variations from the final version, this manuscript is of the deepest interest and the highest importance; but, as an authority for the final text, it is obviously of little, or no, use. It was first published by M. Alexeieff (Moscow, 1887); then by M. Dreyfus-Brisac (Paris, 1896). It will be found in my edition of The Political Writings of J. J. Rousseau; and the most important chapter of it (I. ii.), entirely suppressed in the final version, is printed as an Appendix to the present volume.

B. REPRINTS OF THE ORIGINAL TEXT

1. Du Contrat Social, ed. Dreyfus-Brisac (Paris, 1896). This work is extremely valuable because, in addition to a correct text-so far as I know, none such had been published since 1782-it contains a reprint of the Geneva MS. with some facsimiles and a number of some previously unpublished political fragments from the Library of Neuchâtel, to which du Peyrou, on his death in 1794, bequeathed all the papers entrusted to him by Rousseau. It is further valuable because of the parallel passages-from Grotius, Hobbes, Locke, Bossuet, etc., as well as from Rousseau's other writings-which it quotes, by way of running commentary upon the text of the Contrat.

2. Du Contrat Social, publié avec une Introduction et des notes explicatives, par G. Beaulavon (Paris, 1903, 2nd ed. 1914). Both Introduction and notes are extremely valuable.

3. Political Writings of Rousseau, ed. Vaughan (2 vols., Cambridge, 1915). This work contains both drafts of the Contrat social, together with all the other political writings. It is based upon the MSS. and the authentic editions, and contains a few further fragments, as well as those published by M. Dreyfus-Brisac : it also contains Introductions and a few explanatory notes.

It must be added that the ordinary editions of Rousseau's Worksfor instance, that of Hachette (13 vols., Paris and London), which is the one most easily procurable-are full of inaccuracies, which often affect not only the style, but the sense.

C. OTHER POLITICAL, OR SEMI-POLITICAL, Writings of Rousseau

Discours sur les sciences et les arts, Paris, 1751.

Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes, Rey, Amsterdam, 1755.

Economie politique (in vol. v. of l'Encyclopédie), Paris, 1755.

Extrait du Projet de Paix perpétuelle de l'Abbé de Saint-Pierre, Amsterdam, 1761 (written 1756).

Jugement sur le Projet de Paix perpétuelle, first published in collected edition of Rousseau's Works, Geneva, 1782 (written 1756).

Extrait de la Polysynodie de l'Abbé de Saint-Pierre (written 1756, published 1782).

Jugement sur la Polysynodie de l'Abbé de Saint-Pierre (written 1756, published 1782).