Page Line

88, 26. Je me sens, je crois, un peu de fièvre, I feel a little feverish,

I think.

32. Reconnaître, reconnoitre. Old French, reco(g)noistre. 89, 3. Événements précipités, hurried, crowded events.

4. Malaise, discomfort. ["Etat de souffrance du corps sans maladie caractérisée."] (Littré.)

5. Il marcha, he rode. This sense of marcher is less common (except in the case of bodies of troops) than that of walking; but marcher always expresses a march, action, advance, positively or figuratively, irrespective of manner. Ex.: "Que le temps qui s'enfuit, marche à pas lents pour nous!" (Ducis.) "Le monde avec lenteur marche vers la sagesse." (Voltaire.)

12. Compagnon de voyage, horse.

13. Buttait, stumbled.

13. Par, on, about.

15. A la file, one by one (compare : in single file).

18. Ne le fuirait pas, would not flee from him. Fuir used
actively is more expressive than the neuter verb, but it
is seldom used figuratively in this sense. Compare,
however:

Je me vois réduit à chercher dans vos yeux une mort qui me fuit.
-RACINE: Andromaque, ii. 2.

La santé que j'appelle et qui fuit mes douleurs,
Bien sans qui tous les biens n'ont aucunes douceurs.
-A. CHÉNIER.

19. Le fuyait, fled from him.
21. Ala cour galante d'Anne d'Autriche, to the gay court of Anne
of Austria (1602-1666); she was eldest daughter of Philip
III., king of Spain; she married Louis XIII. in 1615,
and gave birth to Louis XIV. after twenty-three years'
marriage (1638). During her husband's lifetime she
was deprived of all influence, and even treated as a pri-
soner in the convent of the Val de Grâce, which she had
founded. Regent with absolute power after the death
of her husband, she placed unlimited confidence in
Cardinal Mazarin, and thus excited the civil war of the
Fronde (1648-1653), at the conclusion of which, how-
ever, the Royal power remained intact and as absolute
as when it was in Richelieu's hands.

29. Les vœux mêmes, the protestations of love. (This is, though
a secondary one, the most frequent meaning of vœux.)

31. A s'étourdir elle-même, to deceive herself.

90, 13. Malade, suffering.

14. Brûlé, burning (a strained use of brûlé).

14. Se porter à la tête et l'appesantir, rush to his head and

weigh it down.

15. Ralenti, whose pace was slackened by fatigue.

16. Accablait ses yeux, half-closed his eyes.

Page Line

90, 20. Les orins, the mane (literally, the hair. The mane should be la crinière). Note that cheveux is only said of the human hair; for animals we say poils or crins. Poils is also used in speaking of the beard. Ex.:

Un beau jeune garçon,

Frais, délicat, et sans poil au menton.

21. Ricanant, grinning.

26. Une masure, an old house.

-LA FONTAINE

29. Étourdi par la fièvre qui bourdonnait à ses oreilles, made
giddy by the lever buzzing in his ears.

31. Tourbillonnaient sous son front, whirled in his head.
32. S'agitatt, he was restless.

91, 6. Une haie, a line (literally, a hedge). Note the proverb: "Plus la haie est basse, plus on y passe ”—i.e., “Une humeur trop facile encourage les gens malintentionnés."

18. Faisaient crouler toujours de lourdes solives, ever displaced heavy joists forming the steps which disappeared under him.

26. Vacillante, flickering.

27. Délabrée, wretched.

92, 1. Tais-toi, hush!

5. Je ne les laverai que chez le roi, I will only wash them when I have been admitted to the king's presence.

14. Tu t'es trop servi de la croix, c'est là ce qui te porte malheur, you have used the cross too much, it is an ill omen for

you.

15. Tu as frappé avec elle, you have struck a blow with a cross. 16. Tu la portes au cou avec des cheveux, you have, or you wear, another hanging from your neck, with hair in it (an allusion to the little golden cross, mentioned p. 34, l. 16). 19. Soyez tranquille, have no fear.

20. Je suis folle, I am mad.

24. L'office des morts, the burial service.

27. Grains, beads.

29. Cloison, partition.

30. Lutin, elf.

31. Dit la messe des morts, reads the burial service.
32. Linceul, shroud.

93, 2. Couvertures, bed-clothes.

4. Portant, rushing.

8. En sautant, with a start.

29. On y va, coming! (literally, one goes there).

94, 1. Qu on avait fait coucher près de cette chambre, who had

been put into the room next to yours.

10. Interdit, amazed.

17. Exprimant, squeezing.

18. Archimède calculant les flammes de ses miroirs. Translate :

Page Line

Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) is reported to have, by means of burning mirrors, set fire to the Roman ships with which Marcellus was besieging Syracuse. He was killed when the Romans entered Syracuse. Marcellus, who had given orders to spare his life, raised a splendid tomb to him.

CHAPTER VII.

94, 24. Machiavel. Niccolo Machiavelli (1459-1527), a great historian and political writer, whose chief work, The Prince (inscribed to Lorenzo di Medici, in order to obtain his protection), teaches tyrants how power is acquired, kept, and lost; how far a prince is justified by State reasons in employing perjury, murder, treachery. By its style this work is regarded as the masterpiece of Italian prose. Machiavelli was also a poet, dramatist, and novelist of great power.

29. Narbonne, called by the Romans Narbo Martius (Martius had planted there a Roman colony in 118 B.C.), was the principal place of arms of the Romans in Gaul till Augustus, and was, under the Roman Emperors, the capital of "Narbonese Gaul." It abounds in Roman antiquities. It is now a small town of 12,000 inhabitants, chef-lieu d'arrondissement, in the department of the Aude.

95, 3. Athènes, the most famous city of ancient Greece. Has had a population of 80,000, now only 30,000. It is supposed to have been founded 1643 B.C. by an Egyptian colony led by Cecrops; it was ruined by Sylla 87 B.C., without ceasing to be the home of science and letters; it was occupied by the Turks (1456); it regained its independence (1821-1827), and was declared the capital of the new kingdom of Greece (1834).

5. Archevêché, archiepiscopal palace. This word also means
archbishopric.

8. Hautes fenêtres en ogive, high and pointed windows.
9. Vitraux, stained glass.

13. Bariolé, motley.

17. Dans les rayons, on the shelves.

18. Bibliothèque, library-i.e., set of book-shelves. Compare

un bibliothécaire, a librarian, and do not confound those words with un libraire, a bookseller; une librairie, a bookseller's shop.

Page Line

95, 22. Les ailes d'une mouche, an insect fly (literally, a fly fly). 24. Grêle, shrill.

25. Tousser, cough. Cf. une toux, a cough; un rhume, a cold. 26. Des chaleurs, of the heat (the singular might also have been used in French).

31. Un croissant de plumes y soutient les reins, a crescent of feathers rises from the seat to support the back.

33. Déborde, overlaps.

34. Il est permis de croire, one is led to believe.

96, 1. Prévoyants tapissiers, thoughtful, attentive upholsterers. 5. S'y trouvait, was seated in it.

7. Effilée, thin, delicate.

8. Barb, misprinted for barbe.

8. De finesse, of keenness and subtlety. The author means to give to finesse the following mearing: "La finesse est un mensonge en action." (Duclos.) The word is also used in a sense of praise.

11. Forcé. Note that this participle is singular, although nous sommes is plural, because nous sommes refers only to the author.

12. A n'en pouvoir douter, with the utmost certainty.

14. Royale, a small tuft of hair under the lower lip, called impériale during the Empire, and, familiarly, une barbiche, a word which the Academy has suppressed in the last edition of the Dictionary.

19. Richelieu. Translate the following brief outline of Richelieu's life:-Armand du Plessis, Cardinal, Duke de Richelieu, was born in Paris in 1585; his father was Captain of the Guards of Henry IV. He was Bishop of Luçon at twenty-two, Almoner to the Queen Regent Mary of Medicis at thirty, and the following year Home and War Secretary. He followed the Queen-Mother in 1617 to Blois, where she was banished by her son Louis XIII., and having succeeded in reconciling her with her son, he was rewarded by being made a Cardinal (1622), and in the following year became Prime Minister. Possessing unlimited power, he persistently and successfully pursued the three following objects of his policy (1) The destruction of the political influence of the French Protestants; (2) the humiliation and subjection of the great nobles; (3) the overthrow of the power of the House of Austria. In the thirty years war he assisted the German Protestants, and his successes against Austria prepared the Treaties of Westphalia (1648) and of the Pyrenees (1659). Richelieu is certainly the greatest Minister France ever had. In spite of unceasing plots formed by the Queen-Mother, the King's brother, and many of the great nobles against his power and his life-plots which he always

Page Line

discovered and mercilessly punished-Richelieu's work
at home was not less important nor less successful than
his foreign policy. He established order in the finances,
reformed the civil and criminal laws, created a navy,
extended France's colonial empire in occupying Canada,
San Domingo, Guyana, Senegal, etc.; favoured science
and letters, established the French Academy, founded
the College du Plessis (adjoining that of Louis le Grand
in Paris), restored the Sorbonne, extended the Royal
Library, and founded the Jardin des Plantes. He had
built for himself a splendid palace called the Palais-
Cardinal, which he bequeathed to Louis XIII., and which
has ever since been called Palais-Royal. Richelieu had
literary pretensions, which have not stood the test of
criticism; his plays are very indifferent, and their want
of success rendered him jealous of Corneille, whom he
had first patronised. He left very interesting Mémoires,
and a Testament Politique, containing valuable political
teaching. The Cardinal had a brother, Alphonse
Louis du Plessis Richelieu (1582.1653), who was suc-
cessively Bishop of Luçon, Aix, Lyons, and a Cardinal;
he had also two sisters. He was succeeded in his title
of Duke de Richelieu by his grand-nephew, Armand
Jean du Plessis, General of the King's galleys, whose
son (the staunch friend of Voltaire) passed for the most
amiable man of his century. He was known at first
under the name of Duke de Fronsac; was notorious for
his licentiousness under the Regency (during the
minority of Louis XV.), and during the reign of that
monarch. He died at the age of ninety-two, without
having experienced any of the infirmities of old age, and
after having been married three times, the last at eighty-
four.

Note that the plural of jeune homme is jeunes gens; we seldom say jeunes hommes, and then rather to speak of men than of youths.

95, 21. Jeunes gens, young men.

22. Domestiques, members of his household. Translate in an
"The same care is to
analogous case in English:
extend to all our family in their proportions as to our
children; for as, by St. Paul's reasoning, the heir
differs nothing from a servant while he is in minority,
so a servant should differ nothing from a child in the
(J. Taylor: Holy
substantial part of the care."
Living, iii., 2, quoted in Archbishop Trench's Select
Glossary.)
26. Des gages, wages. Translate: "Gages se disait autrefois
du paiement que le roi ordonnait par an aux officiers de
sa maison, aux officiers de justice et de finance.
Aujourd'hui, gages est d'usage à l'égard des domes-