SECOND PART.

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CHAPTER XIV.

209, 7. Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré Riquetti, comte de Mirabeau (1749-1791), the greatest orator of the French Revolution, called the French Demosthenes. It was Mirabeau who gave the first impetus to the Revolu tionary action of the "States-General," in making of the Tiers Etat the whole nation, when after the Royal sitting of the 23rd May, 1789, he said to the Marquis de Dreux-Brézé: "Pour éviter toute équivoque, je déclare que si l'on vous a chargé de nous faire sortir d'ici, vous devez demander des ordres pour employer la force, car nous ne quitterons nos places que par la puissance des baïonnettes." (Moniteur: 24th May, 1789)

8.

13. A son gré, at his own will and pleasure.
17. Le trépied des unités, the tripod of the unities.

The law of the three unities, wrongly attributed to Aristotle by l'Abbé d'Aubignac, has been given by Boileau in the well-known lines:

Qu'en un lieu, qu'en un jour, un seul fait accompli,
'Tienne jusqu'à la fin le théâtre rempli.

Art poétique, ch. iii.

23. Dont un jour brise les alliances, dont une naissance apaise les guerres, dont une mort détruit la paix, in which a day suffices to break alliances, a birth to put an end to wars, a death to destroy peace.

210, 1. Un jour de printemps. Louis XVIII., who had assumed the Royal title in 1795 after the death of Louis XVI.'s unfortunate son, Louis XVII., returned to France 24th April, 1814, after Napoleon's first abdication and departure for Elba.

4. Cent jours. Napoleon left the island of Elba, and landed

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210, 9. 13.

at Cannes (March 1, 1815); after Waterloo, he abdicated in favour of his son (June 22, 1815), and sought the hospitality of England on board the Bellerophon at Rochefort. That period has received

the name of les cent jours. Contempler en grand, to take a general view of. Celles de l'Espagne et du Portugal. In 1640 Portugal separated itself from Spain to which it had been united since 1580, and placed on the throne the dynasty of Braganza issued from its ancient kings. 15. Strafford et Olivarès. Earl Strafford was executed May 12, 1641. Gaspar Guzman, Count d'Olivarès, duke of San-Lucar (1587-1643), Prime Minister of Philip IV., king of Spain, Richelieu's very unequal and utterly unsuccessful rival; he died in exile.

17. Reposées, resting.

27. Le prince Thomas. François de Savoie, Prince de Carignan (1596-1656), grandfather of the celebrated Prince Eugène.

25. L'intérieur, at home, France.

30. Quelques morts pourtant trahissaient sa vie, son.e executions, however, gave evidences of his being alive. 211, IO. Filets, web (snares).

212,

22. L'aiguillonnait encore, was still alive (literally, pricked them yet).

26. Combats de la puissance, the struggles of the great, those in power.

27. Arrosait, reddened (literally, watered).

29. Eclatants, startling.

1. La Fronde. The following explanation is given of the name of the ridiculous rather than serious civil war which disturbed France during the minority of Louis XIV. (1648-1653) between the nobles and the Parliament on one side, and the Court (Anne of Austria, Regent, and Mazarin) on the other. There were in Paris a number of young men who were fighting in throwing stones with slings (frondes). The Parliament of Paris forbade this practice by a decree, and one day when a President of the High Court of Parlia ment was expressing an opinion favourable to the Court, his son, a councillor in the same Court, said, "Je fronderai l'opinion de mon père;" thence those who opposed the Court were called frondeurs. 30. A l'espagnole, Spanish (literally, in the Spanish fashion). 213, 5. Souffla, blew out.

8. M. le Grand, the Master (the Great Equerry, or Master of the Horse).

8. Cela va-t-il bien? are matters progressing?

11. Ad patres, to his fathers (this expression is only used ironically).

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213, 12. Il faut mener nos affaires rondement, we must bring matters quickly to a conclusion.

13. Il fait l'engourdi, he pretends to be asleep (literally, benumbed).

21. Dieu me pardonne, Lo!

22. Diable, omit this word from your translation.
31. Sort
presque des pages, was so recently a page.
214, 3. A point, at the right moment.

6. Il, there (note the impersonal verb).
8. Echauffés, prepared (literally, warmed up).
8. Vive Monsieur! Long live Monsieur !
8. Vive la régence! Hurrah for a regency!

9. Plus de Cardinal, down with the Cardinal! A phrase
contracted from nous ne voulons plus du or de Cardinal.
10. Ce sont de bonnes dévotes, tout à moi, qui leur ont monté la
tête, some simple devout women, all devoted to me,
have taught them their lesson.

11. Mal, ill.

14. Il les a joués, he has baffled them.
16. Duc et pair. The title of pair was independent from that
of duc; it was a territorial title giving a seat in the
Parliament of Paris. There were comtés-pairies and
duchés-pairies; and pairies-femelles, which were trans-
missible to ladies.

17. Il en est fortement question, it is almost decided.
19. Le vœu du peuple, the will (literally, vow) of the people.
19. Il faut faire le vœu du peuple absolument, the will of the
people must be done. (This phrase admits of another
rendering: we must make it appear that the people's
will is with us.)

26. Bien fâcheux, a great pity.

33. Osé faire le boudeur quelquefois en la regardant, to have dared to look at her as if he resented her advances (faire le boudeur literally means to sulk). Translate: "La bouderie est le signe exteriéur d'un mécontentement léger, le silence, la froideur, l'expression du visage, et l'on peut bouder sans être aucunement fâché, on feint alors une fâcherie qui n'est que sur le visage et dans les manières."

215, 4. Ces fadaises-là, this nonsense.

5. Roder là, prowling about.

7. C'est, his name is.

9. Garde à vous prenez garde à vous, look out!
18. On nous en a instruits, we have been told so.

19. Tout à l'heure, just now. This phrase is equally applied
to the near future as to the recent past. Cf. "La
raison du plus fort est toujours la meilleure, nous
l'allons montrer tout à l'heure." (La Fontaine :
Fables, i. 10.)

215, 23. Longer, go alongside.

216,

24. Leur faire patte de velours, show them a velvet paw.
28. Pavé, street. (Do not confound this word with le trottoir,
the pavement.)

30. Se doutant bien de, suspecting.

33. Piétons, pedestrians, people on foot.

3. Petit LE GRAND, little master. (The word master will be
understood to mean "Master of the Horse," when
le Grand is used for le Grand Ecuyer.)

4. La portière ouverte, the open window of the carriage.
Portière was at first an adjective, understood to follow
the word étoffe or tenture, and therefore its first
meaning as a noun is the hangings placed in front of
a door. Ex.: Des portières de velours. It has been
extended to the side-openings of a carriage, and
thence to the carriage-door, and to the upper part of
it only. Translate and compare : Quand Madame
de Montespan allait seule, elle avait quatre gardes du
corps aux portières de son carrosse." (Voltaire : Louis
XIV.) "Il abaissa les glaces des portières. L'ouver-
ture des portières nous donne tous les points de vue
qu'on peut imaginer." (Madame de Sévigné.)
6. Rangez ces cardinalistes jusque, throw these Cardinalists.
(Ranger means here push back.) Cf. se ranger, to
move aside, to make room for the passage of a
person, a carriage, a procession. Se ranger means
also, then, to form a line on either side of a proces-
sion. (Rang= row.)

16. Présidait à, was taken as a rallying cry for.

22. Les accablaient de coups de pistolets, showered pistolshots on them.

217, 3. Comme pour l'acquit de leur conscience, in a perfunctory

manner.

6. Avaient bien engagé le fer et se trouvaient bien acharnés, had really crossed swords and were fighting in

earnest.

14. Carreaux en losanges, diamond-shaped panes.

Carreaux

means panes of glass of any shape, and also paving. tiles. Carreaux being derived from carré square, is well employed in the above phrase. Carreaux en losanges a figure with four equal sides, but without right angles.

32. Des appels, des injures, des imprecations, challenges, insults, oaths.

34. Put faire cesser, could put an end to.

218, 2.

Mettre le comble au tumulte, to bring the disorder to a climax.

5. Vous allez en voir de belles, you are going to see some fine sport. (See note on p. 85, 1. 32.)

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218,

219,

8. Lácha prise, loosed his hold. 19. Ivres, drunk.

21. Pelles, shovels.

21. Pieux, stakes, poles.

21. Crocs, hooks.

22. Broches aiguës, sharp spits.

27. Dont le goût pour les chats, whose fondness for cats.
28. Haletants, breathless, panting.

29 Semer, scattering (literally, sowing)

33. Des garçons bouchers et mariniers, butcher-la-ls and watermen. Mariniers is only used in a disparaging

sense.

34. Chaudrons, saucepans, pots, cauldrons.

2. Enfant de chœur, chorister-boy.

2. Drôles, scoundrels.

3. Enluminés d'un grossier vermillon, their faces covered with a thick layer of coarse red.

6. Nourrissons de paille, straw figures of infants.

9. Cohue, mob.

10. D'individus infernaux, of vile wretches.

23. Le limon qu'ils venaient de remuer, the filthy mud they had just stirred up.

29. Canaille, horrible rabble. (This word remains in an Italian form. Cf. canaglia) The old French word was chienaille; it is used figuratively. Translate: "La canaille littéraire est ce que je connais de plus abject au monde." (Voltaire.) "Eh bien ! manger moutons, canaille, sotte espèce, Est-ce un péché?" Fontaine Fables, vii. 1.)

30. Assez interdit, rather confused.

32. D'un ton mutin, sullenly.

(La

220, 2. Le grand jour leur fait tort, they lose by being seen in

221,

broad daylight.

16. Echauffourée, ill-organised riot.

17. Pouvoir enfanter, capable of producing.

23. Dénués, deprived, destitute.

33. Devait s'assembler, was going to meet.

1. Donnaient, looked.

7. En sursaut, with a start.

8. Mules, slippers. This word has become "provincial,” but is still used in the phrase, baiser la mule du pape, to kiss the Pope's slipper, on which there is a cross. The word mule in this sense has a curious etymology; it is derived from the Latin mullus, a red mullet, because those slippers were generally red. (The Pope's, however, are white, like the rest of his dress) 18. On avait beau lui dire, in vain he was told. 24. Mex culpa, mea culpa, it is my own fault. (These words