HALLE

Halle (Battle of), 16, 17 Oct., 1806. Here Bernadotte defeated the Prussians.

Hanau (Battle of), 29 Oct., 1813. The French claim the victory because the Austrians were compelled to retreat. The French were led by Napoleon and the Austrians by General Wrede. The affair was doubtful, though the French army was double that of the adversary.

Harlaw (Battle of), 24 July, 1411, a trial of strength between the Gaels and Saxons. The Saxons, or Lowlanders, were led by the Earl of Mar; the Gaels, or Highlanders, by Donald of the Isles. The latter army was considerably more in number, but all the benefits of victory remained with the Saxons. On 3 Oct., 1594, a similar trial occurred at Glenlivet, when the Earl of Argyll led the Highlanders and Huntley the Lowlanders. In this case also the victory rested with the Lowlanders.

Hastings (Battle of), 14 Oct., 1066, where William duke of Normandy conquered and slew Harold II., and thus won, by conquest, the throne of England. Also called the Battle of Senlac.'

Hatfield, in Yorkshire (Battle of), 14 Oct., 633. Called the Battle of Hatfield Chase,' in which Edwine king of Northumbria was defeated and slain by Penda of Mercia.

Havenfeld, or Hefenfield (Battle of ), 634, in which the Welsh under Cadwallon were utterly defeated by Oswald king of Northumbria. Havenfeld means 'heaven's field,' so called because Oswald just before the battle threw himself on his knees in the midst of the army, and asked God to give him the victory. Cadwallon fell fighting in this battle. Havenfeld was in Durham, not far from Hexham.

Hefenfield. See Havenfeld.

Heights of Romainville (Battle of the), 30 March, 1814, in which the French army under Joseph Bonaparte, Marmont, and Mortier was defeated by the allies, who entered Paris the next day.

Heilsberg (Battle of), 10 June, 1807, in which the Prussians were defeated by the French.

Hengest esdun (Battle of ), 835, in which Egbert king of England defeated the Danes. Hengestesdun is now called Hengston Down, in Cornwall.

Heraclea (Battle of ), B.C. 280. In which the Romans were defeated by Pyrrhus.

Heracleum (Battle of), B.C. 38, where Ventidius (Antony's legate) defeated the Parthians under Pacorus.

Herara (Battle of), in Aragon, 24 Aug., 1837, in which Don Carlos of Spain defeated General Buerens.

Hermanstadt (Battle of), 1442, won by Hunyades over the Turks.

Hexham, in Northumberland (Battle of), 15 May, 1464, in which the Lancastrians were defeated by Lord Montacute. There is a current legend that after the battle Queen Margaret, in

her flight, encountered a brigand, and said to him, Man, I trust to your loyalty the son of your king.' We are furthermore assured that Margaret and her son escaped over the border under this robber's guidance. See Evesham.

Hobkirk's Hill, South Carolina, U.S. (Battle of), 25 April, 1781, where Lord Rawdon defeated the American General Greene in the American War of Independence.

Hochkirchen (Battles of). I. 14 Oct., 1758, when Marshal Daun defeated Frederick II. the Great of Prussia. (In the Third Campaign of the Seven Years' War.)

II. 22 May, 1813, when Napoleon defeated the combined Russian and Prussian armies.

Höchst (Battle of), 11 Oct., 1795, in which the Austrians defeated Marshal Jourdan, and compelled the French to cross the Rhine.

Hochstadt (Battle of ), 19 June, 1800, won by Marshal Moreau, the French general, over the Austrians.

Hogue (Naval battle off Cape la), 1692, in which the French were defeated by the League (consisting of England, Germany, Holland, Spain, and Savoy).

Hohenlinden (Battle of), 3 Dec., 1800, won by Marshal Moreau for the French over the Austrian Archduke John. In this battle he took 100 pieces of cannon and 11,000 prisoners.

Holmedon Hill (Battle of), 14 Sept., 1402, between the Scots headed by the Earl of Douglas and the Percys. Hotspur, one of the Percys, was the victor; Douglas was taken prisoner, and so were the earls of Angus, Fife, Murray, and Orkney, with many more of the Scotch nobility and gentry.

Iconium (Battle of ), 1387, won by Amurath the Turkish sultan over the Caramaniaus, Here Prince Bajazet greatly distinguished himself, and acquired the epithet of Yilderim (Lightning).

Ingolstadt (Battle of), 20 April, 1809, won by Napoleon.

Inkermann, in the Crimea (Battle of), 5 Nov., 1854, won by the allied British and French armies over the Russians.

Inverlochy, in Scotland (Battle of), 2 Feb., 1645, in which the Marquis of Montrose, commander of the royal army in Scotland, defeated Argyll.

Ipsus (Battle of), B.C. 301, a decisive battle which closed the great contest between the generals of Alexander the Great for the succession to the empire. Antigonus being defeated and slain, Seleucus was confirmed in his kingdom.

Irun (Battle of), 17 May, 1837, in which the Carlists of Spain were defeated by the British auxiliary legion under General Evans,

Islip Bridge, Oxfordshire (Battle of), 22 April, 1645, in which Cromwell routed four regiments of cavalry convoying the king's artillery from Oxford to Worcester.

Issus (Battles of), Nov. B.C. 333, won by Alexander the Great over Darius Codoman'us king of Persia. The Persian army consisted of 600,000 men. Alexander's army did not amount to 30,000 men. In this battle Sisygamia, the mother of Darius, and Statira his wife, fell into the hands of the conqueror.

A.D. 194, Severus conquered Pescennius Niger in a decisive battle on the same plains. The loss of Pescennius Niger was 20,000 men and his own life. His head was sent to Rome,

Ivry (Battle of), 1590, in which Henry IV. gained a brilliant victory over the Duc de Mayenne.

Jalula (Battle of), A.D. 637, won by the Saracens over Yzdegerd king of Persia,

Janvilliers (Battle of), 14 Feb., 1814, won by the French over the Prussians under Blücher.

Jarnac (Battle of), 13 March, 1569, in the third religious war of France. The Catholics were victors, and the Prince de Condé, the great Huguenot leader, was killed in cold blood by Moncontour.

Jemappes, in Belgium (Battle of), 5 Nov., 1792. This battle lasted four days; it was between the French revolutionary army led by General Dumouriez and 28,000 Austrians entrenched in woods and hills. Dumouriez was the victor; but he lost 12,000 men, the loss of the Austrians being 10,000.

Jena, in Saxe-Weimar (Battle of), 14 Oct., 1806, in which Napoleon defeated the King of Prussia and advanced at once to Berlin. Here the Duke of Brunswick lost his life. On the same day Marshal Davoust routed the Prussians at Auerstadt.

Jena pronounce Ya-nah.

Jsaszeg (Battle of), 5 April, 1849, in the War of Independence. It was won by the Hungarians. With this battle the demoralisation of the Austrian army was complete.

June 1st (Battle of), 1794, a naval victory in which Lord Howe defeated and crippled the French fleet off the coast of Brest. The battle is called that of the First of June,' French admiral was Villaret-Joyeuse.

The

Kadesiah (Battle of), or 'Kudseah,' A.D. 636, won by the Mahometans over the Persians. This battle decided the character of the Persian empire.

Kainardji,or Kutschuk-Kainardji (Treaty of), 21 July, 1774. A treaty of peace between Russia and Turkey. By this treaty the Azof was ceded to Russia, and the freedom of the Black Sea. The Crimea was severed from Turkey and declared free.

Kaiserlautern (Battle of), 30 Nov., 1793, won by the Duke of Brunswick over the French.

Kalitsch (Battle of), 13 Feb., 1813, in which the French were defeated by the Russians. The French general was Regnier and the Russian general was Winzingerode.

KOSSOVA

Kalusz (Battle of), 15 Oct., 1667, won by Sobieski, the Polish general, after seventeen days' fighting, over the Cossacks and Tartara

Kapolna (Battle of), 1848, one of the battles of the War of Independence. Lost by the Hungarians, who were led by Dembinski, It is said that the jealousy of Görgey, who refused to obey orders, was the cause of this defeat.

Kars (Battle of), 29 Sept., 1855, won by the Turks, commanded by General Williams, over the Russians, commanded by General Mouravieff. Certainly, the Russians were thrice the number of the Turks. The Turks lost 1,094 men, the Russians lost 6,500. Kars was invested by Mouravieff, 16 June, 1885; after the battle it was obliged to capitulate, 12 Dec., 1855; but when peace was restored Kars was by the treaty of Paris restored to Turkey, 1856.

Katzbach (Battle of), 26 Aug., 1813, won by Blücher over the French.

Kesseldorff (Battle of), 15 Dec., 1745, in which Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau de feated the Saxons under Prince Charles of Lor raine. (In the War of the Austrian Succession.)

Kiblene (Battle of), St. Andrews' day, 1335, won by the Scotch (led by Liddesdale) over the English, under the command of the Earl of Athol.

Kilcullen (Battle of), 23 May, 1798, in which General Dundas was routed by the Irish insurgents.

In a subsequent engagement General Dundas overthrew the rebels near Kilcullen Bridge.

Killiecrankie (Battle of), 17 July, 1688, in which John Graham viscount of Dundee (Claverhouse), a Jacobite, defeated General Mackay, who commanded an army in the service of the Prince of Orange (William III.) Claverhouse fell early in the battle.

Kilsyth, in Scotland (Battle of), 15 Aug, 1645, in which the Marquis of Montrose, commander of the royal forces in Scotland, defeated the Scots under Baillie.

Knoc-Auadh (Battle of), 1504, in which Kildare governor of Ireland (ie. the Pale) utterly routed the confederated Irish. It is said that from 4,000 to 9,000 of the Irish fell, but not one single English soldier in Kildare's army.

Kolin, in Bohemia (Battle of), 18 June, 1757, where Marshal Daun defeated Frederick II. (the Great) of Prussia. (The Second Campaign of the Seven Years' War.)

Ko'nieh (Battle of), 20 Dec., 1832, in Turkey. The Turks were defeated by Ibrahim Pasha

Königgrätz (Battle of), same as Sadowa

(q.v.).

vus Adolphus in 1632; and Nordlingen, won by the Kaiser's son (afterwards Ferdinand III.) in 1634.

II. 16, 18, 19 Oct., 1813, won by the allied Russian, Austrian, and Prussian armies over Napoleon.

The bridge over the Elster, blown up by a mine, was the most disastrous part of this sanguinary battle. The French numbered 180,000 men. the allied army 300,000. The 17 German battalions in the French army deserted to the allies.

Lens, in the Pas-de-Calais (Battle of), 1648, in which the great Condé defeated Leopold brother of the Kaiser of Germany.

Lepanto (Naval battle of ), 7 Oct., 1571, in which Don John of Austria defeated the Turks. It was recaptured by the Venetians in 1678, and restored to the Turks by the treaty of Carlowitz in 1699.

The naval victory of Lepanto was one of the most splendid ever achieved. 25,000 Turks were slain, 4,000 were taken prisoners; 12,000 Christian slaves were released; 130 ships were captured, 130 others were abandoned and destroyed, and 80 were sunk during the battle.

Leuctra (Battle of), 8 July, B.C. 371, in which the Lacedæmonians, led by Cleombrotus, received a crushing defeat from the Thebans, led by Epaminondas and Pelopidas.

Leuthen, in Silesia (Battle of), 5 Dec., 1757, in which Frederick II. of Prussia defeated the Austrians under Prince Charles of Lorraine. This was just one month after the rout of Rosbach (in the second campaign of the Seven Years' War).

Lewes (Battle of), in Sussex, 14 May, 1264, in which Simon de Montfort and his Londoners defeated and captured both King Henry III. and Richard earl of Cornwall, king of the Romans. Prince Edward escaped, and subsequently surrendered,

Lexington (Battle of), in Massachusetts. I. 19 April, 1775. The first skirmish in the American War of Independence. Gage, the British general, had the worst of it, and so far It may be scored as an American victory; but the affair, though honourable to the American militia, was not important, and was not a battle, but a mere skirmish.

II. Lexington, in Missouri, is noted for a battle between the Federals (or Northern States) and the Confederates (or Southern States) in Sept., 1861. In this case the town remained in the hands of the Confederates.

Liegnitz, in Silesia (Battles of). I. 9 April, 1241, in which Batou Khan defeated Duke Henry of Silesia and the Christian allies.

II. 3 May, 1634, in which the Saxons, under Arnheim, defeated Jerome Colloredo, commander of the Bohemians.

III. 16 Aug., 1760, in which Frederick II. (the Great) of Prussia, defeated the Austrians under Laudon (in the fifth campaign of the Seven Years' War).

LUTZEN

Ligny (Battle of), 16 June, 1815, won by Napoleon over Blücher; but the defeat was not sufficiently grave to prevent Blucher from assisting at the field of Waterloo on the 18th.

Lincoln (Battles of). L. 2 Feb., 1141, where Stephen king of England was both defeated and captured by Ralph and Robert of Glouces ter. After this victory Matilda (the wife of Geoffrey the Handsome, or Geoffrey Planta genet, and daughter of Henry 1) entered London, and was received as the Lady of Eng land.'

II. 19 May, 1217, in which Louis the dau phin of France was utterly defeated by the army of Henry III.

Linlithgow Bridge (Battle of), 1525, won by Sir James Hamilton over the Earl of Lenox, who wanted to obtain possession of the King (James V. of Scotland). Lenox was slain by Hamilton.

Lippstadt (Battle of). See 'Lützen.'

Lissa (Battle of), in Silesia, 5 Dec., 1737, in which Frederick II of Prussia defeated Prince Charles of Lorraine,

Llongborth (Battle of), 530, won by Cerdic over the Britons. In this battle Arthur was the commander of the British army, and Geraint prince of Devonshire united with him against the Saxons. Geraint was slain.

Lobositz (Battle of), Oct., 1756, between Frederick II. of Prussia and the Austrians under General Brown. It was indecisive, but Frederick claimed the victory. (First campaign of the Seven Years' War.)

Loch Gary (Battle of), 26 July, 1654, in which General Middleton and his Highlanders were defeated by the Protector's army.

Lodi (Battle of), 10 May, 1796. At the bridge of Lodi Bonaparte beat the Austrians, and on the 15th entered Milan without opposi tion.

Logron'o (Battle of), 10th century, in the reign of Ramiro II. king of Asturias, when the Arabs under Abderrahman II. were overthrown. This was the famous battle in which St. James on his white horse fought, as we are told, for Spain.

Lonato (Battle of), 3 Aug. 1796, in which Bonaparte vanquished the Austrians led by Wurmser.

Long Island (Battle of), North America, 27 Aug., 1776, in which Sir William Howe de feated the American troops. Same as Flatbush.

Lundy (Battle of), 25 July, 1814, between the United States and the United Kingdom The American generals were Winfield Scott and General Brown; the British forces were commanded by General Drummond and General Riall. The victory was doubtful.

Sometimes called the battle of Bridgewater, battle of Niagara, battle of Lundy's Lane, &c.

Lützen (Battles of). L. 6 Nov., 1632, won by the Swedes over the German Catholic League. Gustavus Adolphus king of Sweden