Charmouth (Battle of ), A.D. 850, in which Ethelwulf king of Wessex was defeated by the Danes.

Charre (Battle of), B.C. 53, in which the Roman army under Crassus the triumvir was defeated by Surēnas, a principal officer of Urödés, 'king of kings.' Crassus was treacherously seized in a conference, and killed by molten gold being poured down his throat.

Charra is Haran [Harran] where Abraham once dwelt.

Château Thierry (Battle of), 13 Feb., 1814, won by Napoleon over the Prussians led by Blücher.

Chesapeake (Battle of the), 1781, in which the British admiral, Graves, was repulsed by the French admiral, De Grasse, fighting for the Americans in their struggle for independence. See Shannon and Chesapeake,' &c.

Chester (Battle of), 607, won by Ethelfrith over the North Britons. In this battle 2,000 monks of Bangor, who had invoked divine vengeance on the invaders, were the first to fail.

Chickahominy (Battle of), 25 June to 1 July, 1862, in the American Civil War. 'Stonewall Jackson, a Confederate general, greatly distinguished himself in these conflicts.

Chickamauga, U.S. (Battle of), 19, 20 Sept., 1863, won by the Confederates under General Bragg. The Northern army was commanded by General Rosecrans.

Chillianwallah (Battle of), in India, 13 January, 1849, in which the Sikhs were completely routed by General Lord Gough, Gough, pronounce Goff.

Chippewa (Battles of). I. 5 July, 1814, in which the British forces under General Ríall were defeated by the Americans led by General Browne.

II. 25 July, 1814. Between the English and North Americans. Both claimed the victory. The British were led by General Drummond and General Riall; the Americans by Winfield Scott and General Browne. Riall was wounded and taken prisoner. See 'Lurdy (Battle of).' Chrysop'olis, Scutări (Battle of), A.D. 323, won by Constantine over Licinius.

Clontarf (Battle of), Good Friday, 23 April, 1014, in which Brian Boru king of Munster and Connaught utterly defeated the confederated Danes of England, Wales, Ireland, and Denmark. This battle, which lasted all day, was one of the most decisive ever fought. It is said that 14,000 Danes were slain, and 7,000 Irish. Brian fell by assassination in his tent, aged 88.

Cnidus (Naval battle of), B.C. 394, won by Conon, the commander of the allied Phoenician and Grecian fleet, over Pisander the Lacedæmonian. This defeat deprived Lacedæmon of her recently gained maritime ascendency.

Coblenz (Battle of), B.C. 55, in which Julius Cæsar annihilated the German swarms,

CORUNNA

It is said that 150,000 of them were either slain or drowned in the Rhine.

Cocherel, near Evreux (Battle of), 1364, in which Charles V. le Sage of France, by his General Duguesclin, defeated Charles the Bad king of Navarre.

Cold Harbor (Battle of), in Virginia, 3 June, 1864, between the Federals under Gen. Grant and the Confederates under Gen. Lea It was very bloody, but indecisive.

Colline Gate (Battle of the), 23 Aug, B.C. 82, in which Pontius, leader of the Samnites, was defeated by Crassus, Sylla massacred the 6,000 captive Samnites taken in this battle.

Conquereux or Conquerueil, in France (Battles of). I. A.D. 981, in which Geoffrey count of Anjou was defeated by Conan comte de Rennes.

II. A.D. 992, in which Conan comte de Rennes was defeated and slain by Foulques Nerra duke of Anjou.

Copenhagen (Battle of), 2 April, 1801, won over the Danish fleet by Admiral Lord Nelson and Admiral Parker.

Corinth (Battle of), B.C. 394, won by the Lacedæmonians over the allied Corinthian army..

Corones (Battles of). I. B.C. 447, won by the Baotians over the Athenians. This great disaster caused the death of Isocrates, 'the old man eloquent.'

II. B.C. 394, in which Agesilãos king of Sparta défeated the allied Athenians, Thebans, Argives (2 syl.), and Corinthians,

Corrichie (Battle of), between the Earl of Huntley (a Catholic) and the Earl of Mar (a Protestant). The bone of contention was the earldom of Murray, which Mary the Queen first gave to the Earl of Huntley, and then recalled, that she might give it to her brother, the Earl of Mar. The feud culminated in the battle of Corrichie, in which the Earl of Huntley fell.

The houses of Huntley and Murray were mortal enemies. The fatal battle of Corrichle was an event not to be forgotten nor forgiven. Sir W. SCOTT, Hist, of Scotland, xxxviii.

Cortenuova (Battle of), 17 Nov., 1237, in which Kaiser Frederick II. defeated the Milanese.

Corunna (Battle of), 16 January, 1809. This was not a battle, but a fight to keep the enemy at bay while the British troops were safely embarked. Sir John Moore had to retire before a French force, and repulsed the foe, which pressed hard upon him. The British loss was very great, and amongst the slain was Sir John Moore. The French say, 'Il y perdit le 16 Jan., 1809, la bataille, qui lui coûta la vie, et qui força ses troupes à abandonner toute l'Espagne. Of course, after the British troops ha I set sail, Marshal Soult occupied Corunna, and therefore claimed the victory.

CORUPEDION

Corupedion, near Salamis (Battle of), B.C. 281, in which Lysimachus was defeated, and Macedonia, with most other parts of Alexander's vast empire, fell under the hands of Seleucus.

Courtray (Battles of). I. In 1302, in which the French were defeated by the Flemings, commanded by Count John of Namur [Na-moor'] and William de Juliers. This was The Battle of the Spurs,' so called because more than 4,000 gilt spurs were picked up on the field. These were the spurs of French knights slain in the battle.

II. In 1793, in which the French defeated the English.

** Courtray has been often lost and won.

Coutras (Battle of), 20 Oct., 1587, in which Henri (afterwards the IV. of France), at the head of the Huguenot army, utterly routed the Leaguers or Catholics led by the Duc de Joyeuse.

Cowpens, South Carolina, U.S. (Battle of), 11 Jan. 1811. Here the Americans defeated the British, in the American War of Independence. The English troops were led by Colonel Tarleton, the Americans by Colonel Morgan. The colours, cannons, and baggage waggons fell into the hands of the victors, and the loss of the British amounted to at least 600 men, while that of the Americans was trifling.

Cran'on (Battle of), B.C. 322, in which the Macedonians led by Antipater and Crateros defeated the confederated Greeks both by sea and land. We are told that Hyperidês, being taken prisoner, was put under torture, and bit or cut off his tongue that he might betray no secrets.

Crayford (Battle of), A.D. 457, in which the Saxons triumphed over the Britons, who abandoned Kent and fled to London.

Probably the same as the battle of the Darent, The river Cray runs into the Darent.

Cressy or Créci, in France (Battle of), Saturday, 26 Aug., 1346, in which Edward III. of England defeated Philippe VI. of France. The victory was mainly due to the Black Prince, who in this battle won his spurs. In this great victory 1,200 French knights and 30,000 footsoldiers (a number equal to the whole English army) lay dead on the field. The siege of Calais followed, and its surrender to the victorious king.

This is the greatest victory ever won. The French were at least four times more numerous than the English, but they lost two kings, eleven great princes, eighty bannerets, 1,200 kuights, and 30,000 rank and file. The English lost three knights one squire, and an insignificant number of inferior rank. After the battle, King Edward sent Lords Cobham and Surrey, with a number of secretaries and heralds, to take a record of the slain; and their record is still extant,

Cropredy Bridge, near Banbury (Battle uf), 29 June, 1644, in which Charles I. defeated

Sir W. Waller, one of the Parliamentary officers.

Cullod'en, near Inverness (Battle of), 16 April, 1746, in which the Duke of Cumberland completely overthrew the Young Pretender, Charles Edward, and stamped out Jacobitism for ever. Charles Edward escaped to France, three Scotch nobles were beheaded, fifty of Charles's followers were hanged, and forty persons of rank attainted.

Cunax'a (Battle of), B.C. 401, between Cyrus the Younger and his brother Artaxerxes Mnemon. Cyrus was slain. This event has been rendered especially famous by 'the retreat of the 10,000' Greeks, led by Xenophon the historian, who also wrote an account of it in his Anabasis.'

Cunersdorf (Battle of), 12 Aug., 1759, won by the Russians over the King of Prussia.

Cunobizza (Battle of), 1444, won by Hunyades over the Sultan Amurath II.

Cynosceph'alæ, or the Dogheads (Battle of), B.C. 197, in which Philip V. of Macedon was utterly defeated by Flaminius the Roman consul. By this defeat Macedonia lost her supremacy in Greece.

Cynossēma (Naval battle of), B.C. 411, won by the Athenians over the Lacedæmonians. Cynossēma means 'dog's tomb,' so called from being the traditional tomb of Hecuba, who had been metamorphosed into a dog.

Cyzicum (Battle of), B.C. 410, won by the Athenians over the Lacedæmonian fleet commanded by Mindăros and assisted by Pharmabisus the Persian.

Czaslau (Battle of), 17 May, 1742, in which Frederick II. of Prussia defeated Prince Charles of Lorraine. In the War of the Austrian Suecession. Pronounce Tshas-low (ow as in now).

Dægsaslan, north of the river Tees (Battle of), 603, won by Ethelfrith over the forces of the Northern Britons. By this great victory the rule of Northumbria, from the Humber to the Forth, was established. Dægsaslan is Dalton, in Yorkshire.

Danbury, Connecticut, U.S. (Battle of), 26 April, 1777, won by the English, who set fire to the town. In the American War of Independence.

Dego (Battle of), 15 April, 1796, in which Bonaparte repulsed the Austrians.

Delium (Battle of), B.C. 424, won by the Boeotians over the Athenians in the eighth year of the Peloponnesian war. This battle was the most disastrous and most decisive of all the battles fought in the first eight years of the

war.

Denain (Battle of), 1712, won by the French, commanded by Marshal Villars, over Prince Eugene.

Dennewitz (Battle of), 6 Sept., 1813, won by Marshal Bernadotte [afterwards Charles

XIV. of Sweden] over Marshal Ney. The loss of the French was 16,000 men, Napoleon's defeat at Leipsic the following month (16, 18, 19 Oct.) closed his reverses in this disastrous year.

Deorham, in Gloucestershire (Battle of), 577, in which the West Saxons conquered the Britons. Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath, which had leagued under the British king in this contest, became the spoil of the conquerors. Three British kings, viz. Conmail, Condidan, and Farinmail, fell in this battle.

Dessau (Battle of), 1626, won by Wallenstein in the Catholic interest. This was one of the battles of the Thirty Years' War.

Pronounce Des-sow (ow as in now).

Dettingen (Battles of) I. 27 June, 1743, in which George II. defeated the French under Marshal Noailles. In a military point of view this battle was a very small matter, consisting of extricating Lord Stair from a position in which his blundering had placed him. George II. cut his way out. The effect of this success was considerable, for the French evacuated Germany, and the fortunes of Maria Theresa revived. This battle, which was in the War of the Austrian Succession, was the last in which an English sovereign engaged in person.

II. 26 July, 1866, in which the Prussians defeated the Bavarians in the Austro-Prussian

war.

Diamond (Battle of the), Sept., 1795. A battle in Ireland between the Orangemen and Catholics; so-called from the place where it was fought, county Antrim.

Dolabella (Battle of), A.D. 24, in which Tacfarinas the African freebooter was defeated by a Roman army and slain.

Donnington (Battles of). I. in 1643, in which the parliamentarians were defeated by Colonel Cavendish,

II. in 1645, in which the royalists, led by Lord Ashton, were defeated by Colonel Morgan.

These are not the same places. The former is in Lincolnshire; the latter in Gloucestershire.

Douro (Battle of the), 12 May, 1809, won by Sir Arthur Wellesley (duke of Wellington) over Soult, the French marshal.

For this exploit Sir Arthur was created Baron Douro.

Dresden (Battles of). I. 28 Oct., 1806, where Napoleon defeated the Prussians.

II. 26, 27 Aug., 1813, won by Napoleon over the allies, led by the Prince of Schwarzenberg. Marshal Moreau was slain in this battle.

Dreux (Battle of), 1562, between the Catholics and Huguenots, in the first religious war of France. Marshal St. André, one of the French Triumvirate (q..), was slain; but the Catholics claimed the victory as Prince Condé was taken prisoner.

Dryfe ands (Battle of), 1593. Between the Maxwells and Johnstones, the former of whom was left dead on the field. This was the last great clan battle fought on the borders.

EDGECOTE

Dunbar (Battles of). 1. 27 April, 1996, in which the English, under John Earl of Warrenne, defeated Baliol's army with great slaughter.

II. 3 Sept., 1650, in which Cromwell utterly defeated the Scotch, led by Leslie. After this victory, Edinburgh Castle and several other strong fortresses fell into the hands of Cromwell.

Ten thousand prisoners fell into Cromwell's hands in this victory, with all the baggage and guns; and as many as 3,000 were slain. Spain instantly recognised the commonwealth, and Holland offered its alliance.

Dunes (Battle of the), 4 June, 1658, in which the English and French defeated the Spaniards.

Dungan Hill (Battle of), 10 July, 1647, in which the Irish were defeated by Colonel Jones

Dunsin'nane (Battle of), 1057, won by Seward over the army of Macbeth, Macbeth fled and was slain at Lumphanan, in Aberdeenshire.

Called by Shakespeare Dunsinane. Dupplin Moor (Battle of), 1339, in which an army of 40,000 Scots was utterly defeated by some 3,000 Englishmen. Above 13,000 of the Scotch were slain, and not above 30 of the English.

Durham (Battle of), 17 Oct., 1346, in which Queen Philippa defeated David Bruce king of Scotland, who was taken prisoner.

Durham Station, North Carolina, the 'Sedan' of the American Civil War. Here (10 May, 1865) General Johnston, who had the chief command of the Confederates, surrendered to General Sherman, and thus brought the war to an end. The war began in 1861.

Durrenstein (Battle of), 11 Nov., 1805, in which the French were defeated by the Russians.

Ebersberg (Battle of), 13 May, 1809, in which the French Marshal Massena defeated the Austrians.

Eckmühl in Bavaria (Battle of), 22 April, 1809, won by Napoleon over the Archduke Karl, leader of the Austrians. All the Austrian artillery, fifteen standards, and 20,000 prisoners fell to the French in this battle.

April 23, Napoleon was wounded in the heel. Ec'nomus (Naval battle of), B.C. 256, in the first Pumie war. The Roman fleet was victorious over the Carthaginian.

** Ecnomus, now Mouteserrato. Eddington or Ethandun, near Westbury in Wilts (Battle of), May 11, A.D. 878, in which Alfred completely overthrew the Danes and recovered his throne. Finding it impossible to drive the Danes out of the kingdom, be allowed them to settle in East Angima, &e, provided they became Christians,

Edgecote (Battle of), 26 July, 1469, in which the royal forces were defeated by Lancastrian insurgents.

EDGEHILL

Edgehill (Battle of), 23 Oct., 1642. An indecisive battle between the royalists led by Prince Rupert and the parliamentary party led by the Earl of Essex. This was the first battle between Charles I. and his subjects. The king himself was personally present in this battle.

Elchingen (Battle of), 14 Oct., 1805, in which the French under Marshal Ney defeated the Austrians.

Ellandun (Battle of), 823, in which Egbert defeated Beornwulf of Mercia. Ellandun is Wilton, close by Salisbury, a little to the south-east of Ethandun or Eddington, famous for one of Alfred's victories.

Elster (Battle of), 5 Oct., 1080, won by Heinrich IV. of Germany over Rudolf, the pseudo-emperor appointed by the diet of Forscheim. Rudolf died of his wounds.

Emmendingen (Battle of), 19 Oct., 1796. The Archduke Karl of Austria defeated Moreau the French general.

Engen (Battle of), April, 1799, in which Moreau the French general defeated the Austrians.

Enghien (Battle of), 3 Aug., 1692, won by the French under Marshal Luxembourg over William III. Enghien (3 syl.).

Epila (Battle of), 1348, in which the Union of Aragon was overthrown. This was the last battle of Aragon fought in defence of public liberty. The Privilege of Union' was abolished, Peter himself cutting to pieces with his sword the original charter.

Espierres (Battle of), 22 May, 1794, in which the French were repulsed by the allied English and Austrians.

Essling (Battle of), 21, 22 May, 1809, won by Karl archduke of Austria over Napoleon. This was the greatest defeat that Napoleon himself had hitherto sustained. Marshal Lannes fell in the fight, and 30,000 French were made prisoners.

Here Kaiser Rudolf, in 1276, overthrew Ottokar king of Bohemia.

Eurymědon (Battle of), B.C. 470, won by Cimon, son of Miltiadês, over the Persians.

Eutaw Springs, U.S. (Battle of), 8 Sept., 1781, in which Colonel Stewart and General Arnold (a renegade American) defeated the Americans in the American War of Independence.

Evesham (Battle of), 3 Aug., 1265, in which Simon de Montfort and his son were defeated and slain by Prince Edward son of Henry III. It is said that at one period of the battle the king was on the point of being cleft down by a common soldier, and saved his life by exclaiming, Don't kill me, soldier; I am Henry of Westminster, the king. See Hexham.

Eylau (Battle of), 8 Feb., 1807, a doubtful battle between Napoleon and the combined Russian and Prussian armies. Napoleon claimed the victory because the allied army

decamped during the night. It was a most bloody fight. The French were 54,000 strong, the allied Prussians and Russians were 72,000. Pronounce Ey-low (ow as in now). Falkirk (Battles of). I. 22 July, 1298, in which Edward I. defeated Wallace, who was afterwards captured and beheaded.

II. 17 Jan., 1746, in which the Young Pretender' defeated General Hawley,

Farnham, in Surrey (Battle of), A.D. 894, in which Alfred defeated the Danes under Hastings their leader.

Fère champenoise (Battle of), 25 March, 1814, in which Marmont's French army was defeated by the Austrians led by Schwartzenberg.

Ferozeshah (Battle of), in the Punjab, 22, 23 Dec., 1845, in which Sir Hugh Gough defeated the Sikhs.

Hugh Gough was created a baronet in 1842 and a baron in 1818. (Gough = Goff.)

Flat-bush (Battle of), Long Island, 27 Aug., 1776, in which the Americans were defeated by the British forces.

Fleurus (Battle of), 17 June, 1794, in which the allied army, consisting of 100,000 men, under the command of the Prince of Coburg, marching to the relief of Charleroi, was signally defeated by the French revolutionary army commanded by Jourdan. In this battle the French made use of balloons to reconnoitre the enemy's army.

Flodden Field (Battle of), 9 Sept., 1513, in which the Earl of Surrey defeated the Scots,

Fontenoy (Battle of), 11 May, 1745, in which Marshal Saxe defeated the Duke of Cumberland at the head of an allied army of English, Dutch, and Hanoverian troops.

Formigny, in Normandy (Battle of), 18 April, 1450, in which the Constable of Richemont defeated an army of 3,000 Englishmen. This battle was the coup de grâce of our claim upon France. A monument on the field of battle records the victory.

Fornovo (Battle of), 6 July, 1495, in which Charles VIII. of France defeated the Italian allies. This was a most marvellous victory: the French did not number above 9,000, the allies exceeded 40,000. Yet the loss of the French was only 200, but that of the allies 3,500. Paulus Jovius terms this battle the extinction of Cisalpine military glory, an ignominious rout which made Italy contemptible, and the beginning of countless miseries.' This battle is also called The Battle of the Taro.'

Frankenhausen (Battle of), 1525, in which the Elector of Saxony utterly defeated the Anabaptists, and took their leader, Munzer, prisoner. Munzer was ignominiously beheaded.

Fredericksburg, in the United States (Battle of), 13 Dec., 1862, in which the Confederates under General Lee defeated the Northern army led by General Burnside.