appear as ghosts to relatives; (4) the souls of attendants and serfs; (5) the Atua-pow, the mischievous gods; and (6) the Mooi, or god which supports the earth. (Mariner, vol. ii. p. 127.)

Aubaine (2 syl.). The right of French kings to the property of every foreigner who died in France without being naturalised. Abolished by the National Assembly in 1790; re-established by Napoleon in 1804; and finally annulled on 14 July, 1819.

Auchterar'der Case (The), 18341843. The great test case of the celebrated Voluntary Controversy' (q.v.) of Scotland. The question was this: Is the congregation to give a Call' or invitation to its pastor, or has the Kirk a right to appoint any minister it thinks proper? A vacancy occurred in the parish of Auchterarder, containing 3,000 souls. In a congregation of 300, only two persons signed the Call,' and the kirk pronounced it insufficient. The House of Lords was appealed to, and confirmed the decision of the kirk, but when the kirk selected a minister, the court of sessions interfered. The kirk commanded the presbytery to proceed with the presentation, and it did so, but was summoned at the bar of the civil courts, and the candidate was prohibited from preaching in the church. This controversy went on till 18 May, 1843, when 470 clergymen withdrew from the General Assembly, and constituted themselves into 'The Free Church of Scotland.'

During the controversy various other cases occurred, as those of Dunkeld, Lethendy, Strathbogie, &c.

Audæism, 838. The heresy of Audæus or Udo of Mesopotamia, who insisted that God had a human form. At that early period he accused the clergy of worldliness and impurity of morals. Udo died A.D. 870.

Audi'ans, or 'Audæans.' Same as Quartodecimans (q.v.).

The same capital punishment was inflicted on the Audlans or Quartodecimans who should dare to perpetrate the atrocious crime of celebrating on an improper day the festival of Easter.GIBBON, Decline and Fall, &c., chap. xxvii.

Audit Ale. Extra strong ale, supposed to be provided for an audit feast, when the college accounts are audited.

AUGSBURG

It is, however, sold at the butteries of Cambridge University at any time.

So

Audley Street, London. named from Mr. Hugh Audley, a barrister of the Inner Temple, who bought the ground thereabouts for building pur poses. He began with 2001., and at death, in 1662, left a property worth 400,000l.

Aughton Pudding Feast. Held every twenty-one years at Aughton, near Ormskirk, in Lancashire. About a century ago a firm of wand weavers constructed for their trade an immense

oblong boiler, which was inaugurated by cooking therein a large plum-pudding of a ton weight (20 feet long and 6 feet thick). In 1886 (16 June) the pudding weighed 1,000 lbs., and was provided by public subscription.

Augsburg (Diet of). See under

'Diet.'

Augsburg (Treaty of), 22 Sept., 1555. Also called the 'Religious Peace of Augs burg, in which full liberty of worship was confirmed. Lutherans and Catholics were declared alike eligible to all offices of state, and to seats in the imperial diets. Every ruler was allowed to sanction what form of religion he chose in his own province, but all were to tolerate those who held different views.

Augsburg Confession (The). The statement of the doctrines of Luther and his disciples, handed in to Charles V., who had convoked a diet at Augsburg to re ceive it, 8 April, 15830. The first part contained 21 articles of faith and doctrine; and the second part contained 7 articles on disputed points: as (1) on the two kinds of the eucharistic sacrament; (2) on the marriage of priests; (3) on the mass; (4) on confession; (5) on distinc tions of meat; (6) on conventual vows; and (7) on the authority of bishops.

The 'confession' is no longer an exponent of the theological views of German Protestants.

Augsburg Interim (The). The provisionary settlement of the points in dispute between the Lutherans and Roman Catholics, till they could be finally settled by a general council. The Augs burg Interim was held at Augsburg in 1548, by order of Charles V. A compromise was agreed to, but in 1552 it was declared to be unsatisfactory, and another

AUGUST

compromise was made at Leipsic, called the 'Leipsic Interim.'

August, 31 days. This month ought to be 30 days. Thus: March 31, April 30, May 31, June 30, July 31, August 30, &c.; but when the Latin month Sextilis was named August, in honour of Augustus (as the month Quintilis had been changed to July in honour of Julius), court flattery could not allow the Augustan month to be shorter than the Julian month, so the short month was shifted to Sept., and the symmetry of the Calendar was destroyed. September was the birth-month of Augus tus, but August (Sextilis) was his lucky month. Thus he held his triumph for his Illyrian, Actium, and Alexandrian victories in Aug. B.C. 29, and was made emperor the same month. He died 19 Aug., 14 B.C.

August 1. The anniversary of the accession of the house of Hanover.

August 4 (1789). When the National Assembly of France, in one sitting, abolished all privileges formulated in 19 articles, and presented their measure to the king. It included:-

The abolition of all serfdom, seignorial dues, and seignorial jurisdictions.

The suppression of exclusive rights of hunting, shooting, keeping warrens, dovecotes, &c.

The abolition of tithes, sales of offices, and monopolies.

The equalisation of taxes.

The eligibility of every citizen to any civil or military office.

The suppression of all privileges granted to towns or provinces.

Such an amount of legislation in one night is wholly unparalleled.

August 10 (1792). 'La sanglante journée du 10 août,' called by Legendre the glorious 10th of August.' The Tuileries were stormed by the Paris mob. Mandat, commander of the National Guard, was assassinated by the mob. Danton, Tallien, Billaud-Varennes, and Collet d'Herbois usurped the municipal functions, dubbing themselves 'Les Commissaires de la Commune.' The Swiss guard was assassinated by the Paris mob. The king (Louis XVI.), the queen (Marie Antoinette), and her three children, were saved alive, for a time, by the National Assembly. They were sent to the Temple. The National Convention was formed,

consisting of Servan, (minister of war; Roland (of the interior); Clavière, (of finance); Mongé (of marine); Lebrun (of foreign affairs); and Danton (of justice). Santerre was made commander of the National Guard, in place of Mandat, and an 'Extraordinary Tribune' was appointed to examine into the offences of the Bloody Tenth of August.

August 15. French history. The birthday of Napoleon I., and while the empire lasted considered a national holiday. It was on 15 Aug., 1806, that he was surnamed 'The Great'; that he repealed the republican calendar; that he appointed the cathedral of St. Denis the place of sepulchre for the emperors of the French; that he converted the Panthéon into the church of Ste.-Geneviève; that he created his brother Joseph king of the Two Sicilies; his brother Louis king of Holland; his brother-in-law Murat grand duke of Cleves and Berg; gave his stepson Beauharnais in marriage to a Bavarian princess; and bestowed imperial fiefs on his great ministers and generals; that he united fourteen princes of the south and west of Germany into the 'Confederation of the Rhine'; and appointed the day a national festival for ever. Napoleon III. used to keep it magnificently.

Neither of the two emperors was buried in the cathedral of St. Denis. Both died in exile.

Augusta. The 2nd Roman Legion, A.D. 50. The Romans made the 'civitas Trinobantum'a station for this legion, and called the station Augusta. Tacitus in his Annals calls it Londinum. Now din is Keltic for town, and Lon, if the o is also corrupt for y or i, would be lyn or llyn, which means in Keltic a pool or body of water, so that Llyn-din means the water-town, or town on the pool.

Liver pool seems to give colour to this etymo logy (another plausible suggestion is Lion, cheer. ful or gay).

Augustales Sodales, about A.D. 17. An order of priests instituted by Tiberius.

Pronounce Aug-us-tay-leoz So-day'-lees.

Augustan Age of China (The). The reign of Tae-tsong, son of Kao-tsou, founder of the 13th Imperial dynasty. Tae-tsong is called the Solomon of China (626-650).

Augustan Age of England (The). The reign of Queen Anne (1702-1714) also called the Silver Age, the Golden

Age being the reign of Elizabeth. By far the foremost name is that of Sir Isaac Newton, and of commanders, John Churchill (duke of Marlborough). The poets were Congreve, Garth, Gay, Parnell, Philips, Pope, Prior, Rowe, and Swift. The other authors were Addison, Barnes, George Bull, Anthony Collins, Jeremy Collier, Roger Cotes, Defoe, Dodwell, Flamsteed, George Hickes, Dr. John Jeffery, John Norris, Ray, South, Steele, &c. Wren, Archibald Pitcairn, and Sir Cloudesley Shovel also lived in this reign. Except Pope and Gay, the poets have no high standing, and of the miscellaneous class, Addison and Defoe are the best known.

Augustan Age of France (The). The middle period of the reign of Louis XIV., while Colbert was his chief minister (1619-1683).

Augustan Age of Germany (The). The 19th century.

Augustan Age of Hindustan (The). The reign of Vikramaditya, surnamed Sakari (or foe of the Sakas), B.C. 56.

It is an anachronism to speak of an Augustan age before the reign of Augustus.

Augustan Age of Persia (The). That of Artaxerxes (B.c. 464-425), about which time historians, philosophers, poets, painters and sculptors of peculiar merit flourished.

Augustan Age of Portugal (The). The reign of Dom Affonso Henriquez (1094, 1137-1185). In this reign Brazil was occupied; the African coast was explored; the sea-route to India was traversed; Camoens flourished, &c.

Augustan Era (The). Began 14 Feb., B.C. 27.

Augustine (The Rule of St.)-included: absolute obedience; personal poverty; universal charity, and perfect chastity, both of mind and body.

The order first appeared in England about 1105.

Augustine (The second St.). Hugues de St. Victor, who died 1140. Marcus Aurelius (121-180) is called the' Augustine of philosophy.

Augusties (8 syl.), or 'Augustinians, 1237. I. Some thirty monastic fraternities were so called, not because they were founded by St. Augustine, but because Pope Alexander IV. imposed

AULIC

on them the rule of St. Augustine (13th cent.).

II. An order of nuns which claimed descent from a convent founded by St. Augustine at Hippo, of which his sister was abbess. Till 1632 they wore a black habit, but it was then changed to a violet. Their special office was the charge of hospitals and the sick.

Augustin'ian Canons. Those who lived under the rule (kanín) of St. Augustine. Their dress was a long black cassock, having a white rochet over it, covered with a black cloak and hood. See 'Austin Friars.'

Augustinus, 1640. A work by Cornelius Jansen (1586-1638), just completed before he died, and which proved the occasion of a religious controversy the most important in its doctrinal, social, and political aspects since the Reformation. Its object was to show that the teaching of St. Augustine was in direct opposition to that of the Jesuits on the subjects of grace, free will, predestination, and pelagianism. It was inhibited by the Jesuits in 1641. In 1642 Pope Urban VIII. condemned it, in his bull 'De Eminenti'; Alexander VII. condemned it 1656; but the scholars and divines of Port Royal defended it.

In France, the members of Port Royal (q.v.) were Jansenists; those of the Sorbonne (4.7.) were bitterly opposed to the 'Augustinus,' and issued seven allegations to prove it to be heretical. These seven allegations were reduced to five.

Augustus and Cæsar. For above 1,000 years, from Vespasian to Alexius Comnenus, Augustus' was the title given to the sons and brothers of the reigning monarch, and 'Cæsar' was the next in rank. The imperial wife, mother, sisters, and daughters were 'Augusta.' Only the emperor could assume the purple or red buskin. The buskins of a Caesar' were green.

In the reign of Diocletian the two viceroys of Elyricum and Gaul were entitled 'Caesar, and the two emperors of Rome and Constantinople were each Augustus, A.D. £92; but this arrangement soon lapsed after the death of that emperor. The Roman senate gave Octavius the title of 'Augustus.'

Auletes. Ptolemy X. of Egypt was so called for his skill in playing on the flute (B.c. 65-51.)

Pronounce Au·le'-teez.

Aulic Council. The supreme tribunal of the German empire. It con sisted of a president, a vice-chancellor,

AUREA

and eighteen councillors. This council always followed the court, and was hence the aulic or court tribunal (Latin, aula, the court or palace). It was instituted in 1501 by Kaiser Maximilian, and was suppressed in 1806, when the empire was reconstructed; but there are still 'aulic councillors' in Austria.

By

Au'rea Bulla, or Golden Bull of Hungary. The Magna Charta of that kingdom, granted in 1222 by Andrew II., just seven years after King John signed the Magna Charta of England. article 31 it was provided that, if a king violated any of the principles of the Golden Bull, his subjects might depose him, or take up arms against him without being guilty of treason. This article was cancelled in 1705 by Joseph I. Like John, Andrew was a bad king; and, like John, he neither observed his Aurea Bulla nor intended so to do.

Auro'ra (Missa de). The second mass on Christmas Day, the first being the Missa de nocte, or midnight mass, and the third high mass. See M 'Mass.'

Sir Walter Scott says, 'On Christmas Eve the mass was sung, and he has been accused of an oversight, inasmuch as no mass is ever said or sung at nighttime. But Cassianus ('Instit.' book ii. c. 18) says, 'Quare post missam nocturnam dormire non oporteat. Again, Missa de Exceptato is defined by Du Cange as the mass' quie die vigiliam Natalis Domini præcedente cantatur, unde cadem Preparatio ad vesperam Natalis Domini Vocatur in Missali Gothico." Cassianus says again (c. 7): Missa Canonica celebrata usque ad lucem post vigilias extendunt.' However, the

Missa de nocte, we are told, was only begun be fore midnight; the 'sacrifice must be in the morning after the clock has struck 12.

Austin Friars, or 'Begging Hermits,' or 'Hermits of St. Augustine.' Were not founded by St. Augustine, but had the rule of St. Augustine imposed on them by Innocent IV. in the middle of the 13th cent. In 1256 Pope Alexander IV. placed them under a superior called a 'general.' In 1570 Friar Thomas, & Jesuit, introduced a still more austere rule, forbidding his disciples to wear shoes, whence they were called 'The Barefooted Friars.'

Austria (House of, 1488-1745. Has given Germany fourteen kaisers, from Albert II. to Karl VII.

& netimes the house of Hohenstaufen is called the house of Austria, and sometimes the present reigning emperors are also called the house of Austria, but ought to be called the nouse of Austria-Lorraine.

(House of).

The present reigning family of Austria. This house began in 1745 with Franz or Francis L., who married Maria Theresa.

Austrian Hye'na (The). Julius Jakob von Haynau, an Austrian general (1786-1853), noted for his ruthless cruelty towards the Hungarians, and his alleged flogging of women. In 1850 he visited the brewery of Messrs. Barclay & Perkins, when he was assaulted by the draymen, and barely escaped with his life. Subsequently, he received similar discourtesy in Belgium and France. Called also 'the Austrian butcher.'

Austrian Lip (The). A protruding under-jaw, with a heavy lip disinclined to shut close. It came from Cimburgis, a Polish princess, who married Kaiser Friedrich III, and displayed itself in their son, Maximilian (I.) Hence also called the Cimburgis Under-lip.'

A somewhat similar peculiarity occurs in the family of Sir Gideon Murray, of Elibank. He had taken prisoner a young gentleman named Scott, whom he was about to hang, but his wife induced him to commute the sentence into marriage with their daughter Meg, of muckle mouth." Meg made a good wife, but the muckle mouth descended to their posterity for many generations.

Austrian War (The), 1859. To rescue Italy from the hands of Austria. The belligerents were France and Sardinia against Austria. France won the battles of Magenta and Solferino, and then made peace with Austria. Garibaldi continued the contest to a successful issue.

Rome was not added to the new kingdom of Italy till the autumn of 1870. Venetia was ceded to Italy in 1866, as the fruits of the Austro-I'russian

If

Alliance (The), 7 Oct., 1879. Between the Emperor of Austria and the Emperor of Germany. They agree, if either state is attacked by Russia, both shall unite their full strength to repel it. either state is attacked by any nation except Russia, the other shall observe a friendly neutrality. If Russia assists any other state in an attack upon either Austria or Germany, the two allies shall consider the attack as made by Russia. Signed at Vienna.

In 1887 Italy joined the alliance. Austro-Hungarian Empire (The), 14 Nov., 1868. The kaiser-king of Germany had to abandon his title of

Emperor of the West, or of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1806, and was entitled 'Emperor of Austria,' till 1868, when he styled himself Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary and Bohemia,' his dominion being styled the 'AustroHungarian Empire.'

Austro-Prussian War (The), 1866. Called the Seven Weeks' war. Won by Prussia. The chief victories were the battles of Custozza, Langensalza, Sadowa, and Olmutz. By this victory Prussia became the chief power of Germany, and Austria was entirely excluded therefrom. Total cost of the war 66,000,000l. sterling. Total loss of life 50,000.

Authentic Doctor (The). Gregory of Rimini (Gregorius Ariminensis '), general of the Augustine order at Montpellier, died 1358. He wrote two books of Sentences.'

Pierre de Lombard, who died 1160, was the great 'Magister Sententiarum.'

Authorised Version (The), 1611. Means the English translation of the Bible, authorised to be read in churches by James I. Fifty-four men were ap pointed by the king to bring out this version, but seven died or retired from the task. This version is often called 'King James's Bible,' or the 'King's Bible.' See 'Bible.'

The Psalms in the Common Prayer Book are those in the Bishops Bible, and so were the epistles and gospels till 1661.

The Authorised Version was based on Tyndale's translation (g.c.), which passed through three stages: (1) the publication of the Great Bible (159)-1541), in the reign of Henry VIII.; (2) the publication of the Bishops Bible (1568-1572), in the reign of Elizabeth; (8) the publication of the King's Bible, in 1611, in the reign of James I. Revised 1870-1884, in the reign of Victoria (published

1885).

Auto da Fé (plu. 'Autos da Fé"). An act of faith. In the Catholic Church a day was held by the Spanish Inquisition to examine into the faith of a supposed heretic. If innocent, the accused was absolved; if guilty, he was handed over to the secular power to be put to death, generally by burning at the stake. The sentence of the court and the session also are both called 'Autos da fé.'

Burning of heretics symbolised hell fire, to which heretics were consigned by the Church.

In Portugal it was customary to erect a vast theatre capable of holding 3,000 spectators, and the accused were brought

AVERROISTS

forward one by one to hear judgment. Those who were brought in their own clothes paid a fine and were discharged; those who wore a Sambenito- that is, a straight yellow coat without sleeves, charged with a St. Andrew's cross-had to forfeit all their effects, but their lives were spared; those who had their 'Sambenito decorated with red serge patches resembling flames, without a cross, were discharged, but warned, if ever they relapsed, they would be delivered to the flames; those, lastly, who had the 'Sambenito' decorated with flames and devils were condemned to die. The place of execution in Portugal is called 'Roussi.' Pronounce Awe'-to-dah-fay'.

Auxiliary War (The), B.C. 214-200. Between the Romans and the last Philip of Macedon. The Romans were the victors.

Avaricious Tyrant. Mauritius, emperor of the East (582-602). This was a mere pun. Mauritius refused to pay Chagan, king of the Avari, four oboli a head for the prisoners taken by him in war, in 587. This refusal not only fixed on him the ill name, but also lost him his crown and empire.

Avengers (The). A Fenian society organised by Burton, of which he was himself the supreme head.' It consists of the most desperate of the Irish faction, bound by oath to murder any one the society wishes to be removed. Burton was condemned to penal servitude for life in May 1885. See Irish Associa

tions.'

Aver'roism. The doctrines of Averroes, the Arabian philosopher, that the soul is not an individual possession, but part of a Universal Intellect diffused through the whole world. A sort of pan. theism. See' Averroists.'

Aver'roists. Of Seville, Cordova, and Fez. Disciples of Averroes, the Arabian philosopher and expositor of Aristotle (1149-1225). He taught the doctrine of evolution, or that every existing form has been developed from some previous one; that each individual is a part or limb of the great mundane whole, and that this mundane whole is animated by a General Intelligence or 'Anima Mundi,' and ultimately all existences will be reabsorbed in deity.