for

Arrestment founding jurisdiction, in Scotch law. By this law a foreigner (or one out of the jurisdiction of the Scotch courts) may, if he has any sort of property in Scotland, be sued in the Scotch tribunals on a warrant called ' Ad fundandam jurisdictionem.'

Arrêt d'Union (L'), 13 May, 1648. Henri IV. of France created an impost called paulette, whereby members of the parlement, by paying an annual cess, could transmit their offices to their heirs. Mazarin, acting for Louis XIV. in his minority, ratified this privilege to the four chief courts, viz. the Parlement, the Chambre des Comptes, the Cour des aides, and the Grand Conseil, but with this proviso, that the last three companies perdraient quatre années de leurs gages.' The parlement refused to recognise this distinction, and insisted that all the four bodies should be treated alike. This stand,' called l'arrêt d'union, insisted that no one should be admitted to any office in the state without the consent of the widow and heirs of the previous deceased officer. It furthermore enacted that all the four companies should stick together' malgré la défense qui leur en fut faite, et au mépris d'un arrêt du conseil du roi qui cassait l'édit d'union.' Mazarin arrested the president Blancménil and a councillor named Broussel. This led to a riot, and Mazarin was obliged to release his prisoners. This was the beginning of the Fronde War (q.v.).

Arrondissement (4 syl.). A division of a French department presided over by a sub-prefect.

Ars Sacra. Chemistry was so called in Alexandria, because only priests could study it or practise it.

ARTICLES

Ar'sacides, or Arsăcida (The), B.C. 250-A.D. 226. The Parthian dynasty of Persia, founded by Arsăcês, the Greek spelling of Ashk, a tributary chief who induced the Parthians to revolt from the Seleucida, B.C. 250. The first stock gave 20 kings, who ruled over Persia for 476 years; the second line, called the Ashk-anians, gave 11 kings, and ruled 221 years. Capital Ctesiphon. See' Sassanides.'

Pronounce Ar'-sas-sides, Ar-sas'-i-dee.

Art Unions. Institutions to promote a patronage and sale of fine art productions. The Art Union of Munich was established in 1823; that of Düssel dorf in 1829; in Edinburgh in 1834; in London 1837.

Arti, or Arts. Every burgher of Florence must belong to one of the twentyone arts, just as, before the reform, every freeman or voter of England was obliged to rank as a tradesman. It was not necessary to follow the trade, but it was indispensable to matriculate' as a tradesman in order to take up your freedom.

The 7 higher arts were: (1) judges and notaries, (2) calimala or manufacturers, (3) exchangers, (4) wool-staplers, (5) silk mercers, (6) physicians and apothecaries, and (7) furriers.

The 14 lower arts were: (8) butchers, (9) shoemakers, (10) blacksmiths, (11) drapers and clothesmen, (12) masons and stonecutters, (13) vintners, (14) innkeepers, (15) oilmen, pork-butchers and rope-makers, (16) hosiers, (17) armourers, (18) locksmiths, (19) saddlers, (20) carpen. penters, and (21) bakers.

Each art had its guild. All other trades must unite with some one of these arts, or were not ranked as burghers or freemen.

Articles in Theology. See under.

Three articles; three test articles; four articles; five articles; six articles; seren articles; nine articles (under Lambeth Articles"); ten articles; eleren articles; twelve articles; thirty-nine articles; forty-two articles. Also nine articles of the Evange lical Alliance.

Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union (The Thirteen), 1777.

1. The States to be called the United States, instead of the United Colonies, as heretofore.

2. Each state to retain its sovereignty and independence.

ARTICLES

8. All the states to league together for mutual defence.

4. The free inhabitants of any one state to enjoy the immunities and privileges of free citizens in every other state.

5. Traitors or great delinquents fleeing from a state to be delivered up to the state where the offence was committed.

6. Laws and judicial proceedings of each state to be respected by all.

7. Delegates from each state elected to meet in congress the first Monday in November.

8. No state to have less than two or more than seven delegates.

9. Each state to maintain its own delegates.

10. Each state to have only one vote in congress.

11. Freedom of speech to be allowed to all delegates, and freedom from arrest, except for treason and felony.

12. No state to enter into war or make peace without consent of Congress.

13. In times of peace no ships of war or military force to be kept in any state without consent of Congress.

Articles of Henry (The), or Pacta Conventa, 1573. Articles agreed to by Henry de Valois on his election to the throne of Poland.

1. That the king should not elect his successor; 2. should not declare war without the sanction of the Diet; 8. should not appoint ambassadors to foreign courts; 4. should not impose any tax; 6. should be governed by a privy council of 16 (4 bishops, 4 palatines, and 8 castellans; 6. should confer no dignity or office on any foreigner: 7. should neither marry nor divorce a wife without consent of the Diet, &c.

Articles of Reform (The). Ireland, 1310. By these articles Edward III. threatened to take the lands and possessions of the Anglo-Irish into his own hands, if the great landholders were not more attentive to their duties. In two centuries the English lords in Ireland had grown enormously rich, and showed symptoms of a very rebellious spirit. had become the fashion among them to assume the dress, cut of the hair, and manners, as well as the names of the Irish.

It

Articles of Schmalkal'den or Smalkald (The), 1537. The articles of defence adopted in the city of Schmalkalden by the Protestants under the direction of Martin Luther.

Articles of Torgau (The), 1580.

The 17 articles drawn up by Luther at the request of the Elector of Saxony, showing the points of difference between the Reformer and the Church of Rome. The document was presented to the Elector at Torgau, whence the name.

Torgau, pronounce Tor'gow.

Articles of War. Government regulations relating (1) to the army, (2) to the navy, and (3) to the marine forces.

Articles of the Peace. The terms required from a defendant, when a person swears in court that he is in fear of damage or personal injury from the defendant. The terms set forth what security the defendant shall give that he will keep the peace, and to what length of time the terms extend.

Articlemen, 1648. Those restorable Irishmen who were promised pardon and restoration by the articles of the peace made between the Duke of Ormonde on behalf of the king (Charles II.), and confederate Catholics. The Act of Explanation shut the door of hope on more than 6,000 of the restorable Irish.

There were four classes of restorable Irish, viz. Innocents, Articlemen, Ensignmen, and the King's Nominees (q.v.).

Artic'uli Cle'ri, 1813. An Act for the purpose of maintaining in England certain prerogatives of the Church against the temporal power.

Artillery Company (The Honourable), 1537. The oldest Volunteer corps in Great Britain, being established in the reign of Henry VIII. In the Gordon riots (1780) it successfully defended the Bank of England against the rioters, The members are elected by ballot on a recommendation of five members, and pay an annual subscription of guineas, but the uniforms are expensive: of the cavalry, 291. 9s.; of the artillery, 187. 148. 6d.; of the infantry, 14l. 178. 6d.

two

It consists of one squadron of light cavalry, an artillery division, six companies of infantry, and a veteran company. The Prince of Wales is captain general and colonel of the company.

Artist of the Revolution (The). J. L. David (1748-1825), founder of the Statuesque School. His best piece is the Oath of the Horatii,' and his most popular piece is 'Napoleon crossing the Alps.' Napoleon is represented as prancing on a fiery white charger, with Auttering shawl, and in a very theatrical

E

attitude. Historically, he rode a patient mule, was buttoned to the chin in a large grey coat, and toiled through the deep snow doggedly.

Artists and Smiths (Patron saint of). St. Eloi (588-659), master of the mint in the reign of Clotaire II.

Artizo'e. The Fatale Marmor of the Persians, mentioned by Pliny. Elagabalus was a similar black conical stone representing the sun, and worshipped at Eměsa.

Similar palladia were the Black Stone of the Selds; it is a huge mass of very rich grey silver ore of one of the Indian tribes of South America, which was removed from place to place, as the tribe filed from before the Spanish invaders. The Caaba of the Mussulmans, which Mahomet removed to Mecca, was another Fatale Marmor; 80 probably was the idol of Diana at Ephesus, which fell from heaven.' We have also the Lia Fail of Ireland; the Tanist Stone; the pillar of Shechem (2 Kings xi. 14); and so on.

Artoty'ritæ or Bread and Cheese Christians. So called from their using bread and cheese in the Eucharist. (Greek, artos, bread; turos, cheese.)

Ar'undel Marbles (The). 'Mar'mora Arundellia'na' or Marmora Oxonien'sia,' preserved in the University of Oxford, and often called the Oxford marbles, the most valuable of which is the 'Parian Chronicle' (q.v.). These gems of Grecian art were collected by Mr. (Sir William) Petty, who was commissioned by the Earl of Arundel to collect antiquities in Greece. Brought to England A.D. 1610; presented to the University of Oxford by his son Henry Howard, in 1667.

The entire collection originally contained 87 statues, 128 busts, and 250 inscribed marbles, altars, sarcophagi, fragments besides and gems; but part was sold in 1678. The Pomfret marbles were given to Oxford in 1755.

Arval Brothers (College of the). 'Fratres Arvāles,' priests of Rome who went in procession through the fields, and prayed for the increase of corn. (Varro.)

The little or private Ambarralia were celebrated by a single family for the welfare of all belonging to it, as the great college of the Arval brothers ...officiated in the interest of the whole state.PATER, Marius the Epicurean, chap. i.

A'ryan Languages (The). The different languages of the Aryan Nations (q.v.), which have all one common source, and bear a strong family likeness. "They count with the same numerals, call individual speakers by

ASCETICS

the same pronouns, address parents and relatives by the same titles, call the different parts of the body by the same names, decline their nouns on the same system, compare their adjectives in the same way, conjugate their verbs alike, and form derivatives by the same suffixes.'

A'ryan Nations (The). The Persians, Hindus, and all Europeans except the Basques, Turks, Hungarians, and Finns. See 'Semitic' and 'Turanian.'

Eastern branch: the Persians and Hindús, which inclnde Zend, Armenian, Kurdish, and Afghan; Sanskrit, Hindi, Hindustani; Gipsy; Pali, and the dialects of Ceylon.

Western branch (First Swarm), the Celtic. It settled in Greece; and spread into Italy, Spain, France, and the British Isles; (Second Swarm), the Teutonic, colonised Germany, and spread into Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and England; (Third Swarm), the Slavonic, settled in Bohemia, Poland, and Russia.

Pali is the sacred language of the Buddhists; Sanskrit is the sacred language of the Hindus; Zend is the sacred language of the Persians. All now dead languages.

As a God. The twelve As or Æsir of Scandinavian mythology are Odin, Thor, Baldur, Niord, Freyr, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdal, Wedar, Wali, Uller, and Forseti.

The chief goddesses are Frigga, Freyja, Idunna, Eira, and Saga.

The twelve divine Ass.-ERIC G. GEIJER, Hist. of Sweden, p. 5.

Asca'nian House (The). One of the most ancient families of Germany, so called from the castle of Ascania in Aschersleben. It reigned over the principality of Anhalt in the 11th cent., and gave the sovereigns of Brandenburg(11431320) and of Saxony. The dukes of the Ascanians of Saxony formed two branches, viz. Saxe-Wittenberg, extinct in 1422, and Saxe-Lauenburg, extinct in 1689.

Ascension Day, or Holy Thursday.' A religious festival held on the 40th day after Easter to commemorate the Ascension of Jesus Christ.

Benting the bounds (of parishes), called Scotland 'riding the marches, used to be, and still is in some places, observed on this day.

Ascet'ics (The), 3rd cent. Persons who devoted themselves to a solitary and contemplative life, following the system of the Essenes and Therapeute (q.v.) among the Jews. They practised great austerities for the mortifying of the flesh, withdrew the mind from

ASCITES

worldly objects, and tried to lose themselves in God. They haunted the deserts of Egypt and Syria, and gave rise to monachism.

Ascites (3 syl.). From the Greek doxós, a bladder, meaning 'inflated like a bladder.' Christian heretics who 'utrem inflatum et opertum solebant circumferre, tanquam ipsi essent evangelici utres novi, vino novo repleti' (Acts ii. 13). Augustine mentions them in his book of 'Heresies' (62).

Ascodrog'itæ, or 'Ascodrog'ili.' Christian heretics of Galatia, 'qui utrem inflatum ponunt et cooperiunt in sua ecclesia, et circumeunt eum insanientes potibus, non intelligentes quod ait Salvator-New wine must be put into new bladders.'-Du Cange, i. p. 408.

Ash Wednesday. First day of Lent, when at one time penitents appeared before their bishop or priest with naked feet and clad in sackcloth ready to submit to penance. The pessimi were first sprinkled with ashes of the palms burnt on the Palm Sunday of the preceding year, and were then driven out of the church door by the clergy, who cried after them 'In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread!' The less offensive were signed on the forehead with the sign of the cross, and the priest or bishop said, 'Memento, homo, quia pulvis es, et in pulverem reverteris'! Said to have been introduced by Gregory the Great (590-604), sanctioned by the Council of Benevento in 1091.

Ashari (The). An Arabian sect which held that God, being the cause of everything, is the author of all human actions; but men, being free, acquire merit or incur guilt according as they obey or disobey the precepts of religion. Averroes, the Arabian philosopher of Cordova, (1149-1198), adopted the creed of the Ashari sect.

Ashbourne's Act (Lord), 1885. A government loan of five millions sterling set apart to be lent to Irish farmers, at the rate of 8 per cent., to enable them to buy their farms of their landlords. In 1888 a second five millions was voted by parliament for the same purpose.

No landlord would, of course, join the Land

League, and therefore the best plan of quieting

Ireland is to multiply the freeholders, all of whom have a stake in the peace and prosperity of the island. Napoleon introduced government loans of very small value per share to induce the poorer classes of France to become holders, with the same view. Applicants for a small number of shares were first awarded their shares, and those who applied for the largest number were de ferred to the last. Thousands of persons slept all night in the Piazza of the Rue Rivoli that they might be early applicants. I myself saw the thick crowd there long after midnight.

In

Ashburton Treaty (The), 9 Aug. 1842. In 1842, Lord Ashburton was appointed special ambassador to the United States of North America, to settle the north-west boundary question, and other disputes which then threatened to involve the two countries in war. August he concluded the famous Treaty of Washington, commonly called the Ashburton Treaty, by which the Oregon question was settled, and the frontier line between the state of Maine and Canada was definitely agreed to. By the 8th and 9th articles, provisions were made for putting an end to the African slave trade; and the 10th article provides for the mutual extradition of suspected criminals.

Ashmolean Museum (The). In the University of Oxford (1683); bequeathed to the university by Elias Ashmole (2 syl.). It is used to hold the collection of natural and artificial curiosities, and to aid in the study of chemistry and natural science.

This collection properly belonged to certain persons of the name of Tradescant, and is more correctly called the 'Tradescant Collection.'

Asia. From the Greek dots, mud. The first part known to the Greeks was that watered by the river Cayster, where some Ionian colonists settled. Hence, Asia means 'the land of mud,' and it is somewhat noteworthy that Paris used to be called Lutetia, which means the same thing. The mythological derivation of the word from Asia, daughter of Oceanus and Tithys, is only a poetical way of stating the fact that the river Cayster, like any other river, is a daughter of the sea.

Asia. (Acts of the Apostles xvi. 6; compare xix. 22, 26, 27, &c.) Here Paul who was in Phrygia or Galatia, speaks of going into Asia. To understand this it must be known that, after the battle of Magnesia, in Asia Minor, Eumenes, king of Pergamus, was rewarded by the