The

Apostolic Bishops (The). bishops of the Apostolic Churches (q.v.). In 1046 the Council of Reims declared that the bishop of Rome is the sole apostolic primate of the Universal Church, and hence such terms as apostolic see, apostolic nuncio, apostolic notary, apostolic brief, apostolie vicar, &c. meaning papal nuncio, notary, &c.

Apostolic Blessing (The). The blessing of the pope of Rome, as successor of St. Peter.

Apostolic Brethren, or 'Apostolici (1260-1868). A Christian sect founded by Girolamo Segarelli, a weaver of Parma, who went about in the dress of an apostle, preached repentance, free society, and a return to apostolic manners. From 1290 his adherents began to denounce infant baptism, the dogma of purgatory, invocation of saints, prayers for the dead, and the corrupt lives of the clergy. In 1300 Girolamo Segarelli, the founder, and many of his followers were brought to the stake.

Dolcino then became the head of the society and drew together many thousands of followers. but in 1305 a crusade was preached against him, and being captured. he was burnt alive. The brotherhood lingered on till 1868, and gradually died out. Dante refers to Dolcino in the 'Inferno,' xxviii. 55.

Volumus quod nullus clericus, nulla secularis persona, intuitu religionis eorum, ac insolito habitu, cos de cætero recipiat, aut eis alimenta ministret.-Council of Jerusalem, 1287.

Apostolic Chamber (The). A council entrusted with the care of the

APOSTOLIC

revenues of the see of Rome. Equal to papal chamber or board.

(The).

Apostolic Churches Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and Rome; sometimes Corinth and Ephesus are also included. These churches are supposed to have been founded by the Apostles themselves.

Apostolic Constitutions (The), or Apostolic Canons.' A collection of ecclesiastical laws attributed to St. Clement, a disciple of St. Peter, but proved to be not earlier than the 3rd cent. Indeed the Quini-Sext (q.v.) council, held at Constantinople in 630, pronounced the collection to be apocryphal. See 'Literary Forgeries.'

Apostolic Fathers (The). The immediate fellow-labourers of the apostles, born in the first century. They were: (1) Barnabas, who died A.D. 61; (2) Clement of Rome, 30-100; (3) Ignatius, who died 115; (4) Polycarp, 80-169. They were succeeded by the Primitive Fathers (q.v.)

Papias of Hierapolis, and Hermas, author of the 'Shepherd, are sometimes ranked amongst the apostolic fathers. Papias died 109, Polycarp in 107, and Hermas in the 1st cent. It is doubtful whether Hermas is a proper name at all.

Apostolic Kings (The). Pope Sylvester II., in 1000, granted to Stephen of Hungary and his successors the right of so styling themselves. The reigning king is addressed as Your Apostolic Majesty, and referred to as H.A.M. In 1758 Clement XIII. conferred the title of H.A.M. on Maria Theresa, as queen of Hungary, and the emperor of Austria, as king of Hungary, continues the same style.

Apostolic Letter or Brief (An). A papal letter or brief.

Apostolic Months (The). The six following months: January, March, May, July, September, and November. That is, every alternate month beginning with January. It was on these months that the pope (according to the Vienna Concordat of 1448) took possession of the vacant benefices in Germany, &c.

Apostolic Party (The), 1819-1830. In Spanish history. Fanatical Catholics who were also absolutists. Their leaders were priests and their troops were smugglers and robbers. They ultimately merged into the Catholic party.

APOSTOLIC

Apostolic See (The). The see of Rome, said to have been founded by the apostle Peter.

Apostolic Succession (The). The supposed succession of the priesthood in an unbroken line from the Apostles, by means of ordination and laying on of hands.

Apostolic Vicar (The), or 'Vicar Apostolic. The cardinal who represents the pope in extraordinary missions.

Apostolical Canons, 'Canōnes Apostolici.' Two collections of ecclesiastical rules and formularies attributed to Clement of Rome (1st cent.). This, however, has been entirely disproved, and probably they were first drafted in the 2nd and 3rd cents., and the main portion is assigned to a period close upon the great council at Nice (A.D. 325). The first allusion to these canons is in the Council of Constantinople, A.D. 394. The whole number is 85, of which 50 are regarded with respect by the Western Church, but all are accepted by the Greek Church. See 'Apostolic Constitutions.'

The first fifty were translated from the Greek Into Latin, in the 5th cent., by Dionysius the Younger. References being made in these canons to Eusebins (265-38), Athanasius (244-379), and Epiphanius 310-403), suffice to prove that parts at least of these canons cannot have been earlier than the ith cent. (See Literary Forgeries.')

Apostolical

Constitutions (The). In eight books, in which the Apostles are introduced as speakers. They are supposed to date from the 4th cent., but certainly much is of later date. They enjoin the duty of assembling twice a day for public praye and psalmody; the observance of fasts and festivals; the obligation of the Jewish Sabbath and the Christian Sunday; the duty of reverenc ing bishops as God's anointed ones and of inferior clergy as Christian magistrates. Epiphanius (367-403) speaks of these books, and, though not genuine, they are useful in showing the religious tone and feeling of the period. See 'Apostolical Canons.'

The first six books contain rules for a Christian life; Book VII, is an abridgment of the preceding six books, and Book VIII. relates to priests and their duties.

Apostolical Junta (The), 26 Sep., 1825. Formed by Ferdinand VII. of Spain for the purpose of assisting the ministry. Apostolicals (The). Members of the Apostolical Junta (q.v.).

Apostolici, or Apostolic'ians,' or Apotac tici.' Heretics mentioned by Papias, who died A.D. 169. They professed to follow the Apostles in having all things in common, and renounced riches and marriage. See 'Apostolic Brethren.'

Epiphanius (310-40%) says these vagabonds made use of the Apocryphal Acts of St. Andrew and St. Thomas.

Apostolicians. The Waldenses, or Vaudois, were so called in the 12th cent.; so were the Apostolic Brethren (q.v.) of the 13th and 14th cents. See also Apostolici.'

Apostolicum (The), 7 Jan., 1765. A bull granted by Pope Clement XIII at the solicitation of the Jesuits, confirming their institution. It was suppressed 11 Feb., 1765, by a Parlement of Paris.

The publication was forbidden in Portugal in 1763.

Apostoolians, or 'Apostoo'lists,' 1664. A branch of Baptists in Holland, founded by Samuel Apostool (1638-1700). They split from the Mennonites, and were Calvinistic in their views of absolute predestination.

Apotac'tici, or Apotac'titæ. The same as the Apostolici (q.v.).

Apotheker (The). Saintly Helpers (q.v.).

The Fourteen

Similar to the Theoi Alexikakoi of the Greeks, and the Di Averrunci of the Romans.

Apparel. To give apparel was, in Ireland, a symbol of lordship. Thus our John, as lord of Ireland, being applied to by Crovderg for help against the O'Conors, gave the required aid, and sent a quantity of scarlet cloth to be presented to the king of Ireland and the provincial chiefs, who acknowledged the English supremacy. It was, in fact, a livery.

O'Donnell applied for apparel (1541), a request which the Deputy, not understanding the political meaning, thought very strange, seeing that when he made it he wore a coat of crimson velvet with twenty or thirty pair of aglets, under a double cloak of rich crimson satin corded with black velyet, and a bonnet of equal splendour.-O CONOR, History of the Irish People, p. 128.

Appartements. Receptions held thrice a week by Louis XIV. at Versailles, An 'Appartement' was an assembly of all the court in the grand saloon from seven till ten, when the king sat down to table. There was first music, then billiards, cards, dominoes, chess, and dancing. A guest was at liberty to order of the attendants anything he wished for.

Appeal (An). An accusation by a private subject against another for some heinous crime, demanding punishment on account of some specified injury suffered, rather than for the offence against the public. In 1886 the members of the commission appointed to regulate the affairs of the nation and the king's household (Rich. II.) appealed of high treason the Archbishop of York, the Duke of Ireland, the Earl of Suffolk, Sir Robert Tresilian, and Sir Nicholas Brembre, for disputing their authority. The appeal was sent to the king, who was obliged to give way, and the accused fled, but only Sir Nicholas Brembre and Tresilian were captured and executed. The object of the appellants was really to depose the king, and take the crown into their own custody.

Appeal (Court of). The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was constituted a Court of Appeal by 3, 4 Will. IV. c. 41 (1833), and by 14, 15 Vict. c. 83 (1851).

Appeal (Right of). 'Provocatio ad populum' in Roman law. This right was secured to all Roman citizens by the Valerian Law B.C. 509, but was abolished by the Twelve Tables' (q.v.), B.C. 451. It was restored by the Valerian Horatian Law B.C. 449, and confirmed by several subsequent laws.

Appeal to Cæsar (1). 'Appello Cæsarem.' By the law of Porcius Leca, de capite et tergo civium, no Roman citizen could be put to death or scourged. His appeal was to a trial before the Centuries (B.C. 256); but in the empire, Cæsar represented the Centuries. was somewhat like our habeas corpus, which ensures a fair trial.

It

Appeals (The Statute of). 24 & 25 Hen. VIII., 1532, 1533, forbidding all appeal to Rome; all processes of the Court of Rome in England; and abolishing entirely the judicial jurisdiction of the papacy in any affair connected with an English subject.

Appel comme d'abus (L'). This right was recognised in 1329. It was an appeal to the civil powers against the abuses of ecclesiastical superiors, whether in contravention of the constitutions or the corcordats of the country.

APPLE-STALL

Appellants, 1717. Those who ap pealed, or rather wished to appeal, to a general council against the bull called Unigenitus, issued by Pope Clement XI. in 1718, against the Moral Reflexions' of Quesnel. This book favoured the Jansenists and condemned the Jesuits. The bull condemns it in globo-that is, as a whole-without particularising any stated parts, doctrines, or dogmas, as objectionable. The archbishop of Paris, and the bishops of Mirepoix, Sénez, Montpellier, and Boulogne wished to refer the matter to a general council, but Louis XIV., in his usual overbearing manner, insisted that the bull should be accepted unconditionally. The controversy was kept alive till 1780, when the bull was registered by the Paris parlement, and the heat of the opponents cooled down; but even to this hour there are some appellants who disapprove of the bull.

Appian Way (The), B.C. 302. A road between Rome and Capua begun by Appius Claudius Cæcus, during his consulship. The oldest and most famous of all the Roman roads.

Called the Queen of Roads (Regina Viarum).

Apple-pie Causes. Causes in which judgment is beyond the possibility of dispute. Lord Eldon used to say, have often wished that all my causes were apple-pic causes.' He referred to a complaint made to him when he was resident fellow of University College. Some of the undergraduates complained to him that the cook had sent to table an apple-pie that could not be eaten. Lord Eldon ordered the cook to bring the pie before him, but the cook returning informed him that the pie was eaten; whereupon Lord Eldon gave judgment for the defendant. You complain,' said he to the undergraduates, that the pie could not be eaten, but the pie has been eaten, and therefore could be eaten.'

Apple-stall Legislation, 1851. The eviction of Ann Hicks from Hyde Park by the First Commissioner of Woods and Forests. In 1843 Ann Hicks had a little apple-stall in the Park. She obtained permission to erect a wooden stand in which to lock up her commo dities. The wood was repaired by brick, then raised five feet high with a roof and

APPOSITION

chimney, then surrounded with hurdles which every few weeks encroached more and more upon the Park, and grew into a little garden. The Duke of Wellington, as Ranger of the Park, had to employ the Crown solicitors; and the commissioners had to pay Ann Hicks a sum of money by way of compensation before she could be got rid of.

Apposition Day.

Midsummer

day is so called at St. Paul's School, founded by Dean Colet in 1509. It was designed for 153 boys, being the number of fishes caught by the disciples, as related in the fourth gospel, and dedicated to the boy Jesus, who at twelve years of age 'apposed' the doctors in the Temple.

Apprenticeship (Statute of), 1562-3 (5 Eliz. c. 4). Provided that no person should exercise any trade in England who had not served a seven years' apprenticeship. Abolished in 1814, except in the legal profession, in which clerks must be 'articled' before they can practise for themselves. See 'Arti.'

Appropriation Clause (The), 1838. A part of the Act for altering and amending the laws relating to the Temporalities of the Church in Ireland.' The temporalities of the Irish bishoprics were, by this clause, vested in ecclesitical commissioners for the provision of divine service, the payment of church rates, the repairs of churches, and other similar purposes.

The statute abolished ten bishoprics, and united them to the ten remaining ones. It abolished those of Dromore, Raphoe. Clogher, Elphin, Killala and Achonry, Clonfert and Kilmacduagh, Kildare, Ossory, Waterford, and Lismore, Cork and Ross.

Après nous le déluge. 'Let the flood come, for aught I care, when we are gone' was the scandalous exclamation of Madame de Pompadour, the Court favourite of Louis XV. Louis himself said to the Duc de Choiseul, when urged to attend to business, 'Bah, duke! the crazy old machine will hold out my time; and my successors must look after themselves.'

Aqua Tofa'na, 'Acqua Tofan'ica,' 1709. A liquid poison concocted by Tofana of Palermo, and called by her 'Manna of St. Nicholas of Bari,' and said to be a liquid which oozed from the tomb of that saint. Four or five drops were fatal. Tofana confessed to the

murder of 600 victims. Thought to have been a solution of arsenic.

In the 16th and 17th cents. Spara and her assis tant, Gratiana, used a similar poison to kill young husbands when their wives wished to be widows. In 1659 the number of young widows in Italy excited the attention of Pope Alexander VII., and suspicion was excited against a society of young wives presided over by Spara, an old woman. Five were executed.

Aquæ et Ignis Interdictio, i.e. banishment.

It is somewhat remarkable that the Roman symbol of marriage was Fire and Water, not, perhaps, because man and wife in old Rome led a cat and dog life, but simply because fire and water are two essentials of married Iffe, or 'home. Bachelors could partake of the ignis et Aqua of other men.

Aquarians. A very early section of Christians who celebrated communion with water instead of wine. St. Cyprian speaks of them with condemnation; but it is said that they drank water to prevent detection by their breath.

Aquitaine, Aquita'nia. One of the four great regions of ancient Gaul, including all the south-west part lying between the Pyrenees, the Gulf of Gascony, and the river Garonne.

Henry II called himself ' dux Normannorum et Aquitanorum."

Richard I., John. and Henry III. called them. selves dux Normanniæ et Aquitaniæ.'

Edward I., II, III., dropped the former and called themselves dux Aquitaniæ.'

Between Edward III. and George III, Francia was substituted for 'Aquitania and rer for dur.

Arabella (The Lady)-that is, Arabella Stuart, 1575-1615. Cousin of James I.

She was the daughter of Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox; and Charles was younger brother of Henry Darnley, who married Mary Queen of Scots. Hence, James I. and the Lady Arabella were the children of two brothers.

Mary Queen of Scots claimed the throne of England as the grand-niece of Henry VIII. and Queen Margaret. But Charles Lennox married the niece of Queen Margaret, and consequently was one degree nearer to that queen than Mary was. Besides, the Countess of Lennox was a native Englishwoman. The name of the countess was Margaret, and, as Sir Walter Scott observes, if brought to a court of law, English lawyers would probably have decided against Mary Queen of Scots and her son James.

Arabian Literature in Spain (The Golden age of), 961-976. When

Arabian Odyssey (The). Mr. Hole, in his remarks on the 'Contes Arabes (Arabian Nights'), considers "Sinbad the Sailor' as the Arabian Odyssey.

The Arabian Nights Entertainments' are the 'Contes Arabes of Antoine Galland, a French orientalist, who travelled under the patronage of Colbert. They were published in Paris in 12 vols. (1704-1717).

Arabic (Professorship of). In the University of Cambridge, 1632; founded by Sir Thomas Adams, Bart., and endowed with a stipend of 401. a year. The present stipend is 5407.

Arabic versions of the Bible. I. The Old Testament, A.D. 925, translated by Rabbi Saadia Gaon Haphitomi.

II. The Pentateuch, translated in 1486, by Harites ibn Sina.

Arbiter Elegantia'rum. Petronius was the director-in-chief of the pleasures and amusements of Nero. Beau Nash was the arbiter elegantiarum' of Bath (1704, &c.).

Arbitrary Appropriation (The), 12th cent. The permission to pay tithes wherever person thought proper. Innocent III., by a decretal epistle, abolished this liberty, and enjoined that every man must pay his tithe to his own parish church.

Arbor Day. A day set apart in Canada and the United States for planting trees. Thus

The 2nd Wednesday in April 1874 was Arbor Day in Nebraska, when twelve million trees were planted in that state alone.

The 15th of April, 1876, was Arbor Day in Michigan.

The 3rd Tuesday in May 1876 was Arbor Day in Minnesota, when 1,842,886 trees were planted in that State.

The 27th of April, 1882, was Arbor Day in Ohio.

The first Friday in May 1887 was Arbor Day in Canada.

The first Friday in May should be set apart by the trustees of every rural school and incorpo rated village (in Canada) for the purpose of planting shady trees, making flower beds, and other wise improving and beautifying the school. grounds. -Education Department of Ontario.

GABRIEL, the messenger of God; represented as floating through the air, with his hands crossed over his breast. Also with royal robes, bearing a lily in his hand.

MICHAEL, represented in complete armour, bearing a sword. Sometimes he is represented with eyes bandaged, and bearing a sword and pair of scales, in allusion to his being the angel of the Judgment.

RAPHAEL is represented as a pilgrim with staff and gourd; or a traveller carrying a fish (Tobit).

URIEL is represented carrying a parchment scroll, to signify his being the interpreter of prophecies.

ZADKIEL bears the sacrificial knife which he took from Abraham, when the patriarch was about to slay his son.

ZOPHIEL bears a flaming sword.

Archdeacon's Court (The). To hear ecclesiastical causes, subject to an appeal to the bishop, 24 Hen. VIII. c. 12.

Archê and Duum'virat. The vital principle and the soul. Terms used by Van Helmont of Brussels (15771644) to express the dual nature of man. By arché he meant the vital principle penetrating the entire body, which principle performs all the functions of nutrition and digestion. 'Duumvirat' with him meant the intellectual principle or soul. He called it duum-vi-rat because it resides in the two organs' called viscera] and rat[a], that is the bowels and the spleen. See Natura Naturans,' 'Anima Mundi,' and 'Pre-established Harmony.'

He did not place the soul in the brain, because he said the brain has no blood; but as the diges tive organs are so intimately wrapped up with the intellectuality of man, he placed the soul there.

Archestratides, B.C. 577. The Archons of Athens.

Pronounce Ar-kes-trat'-i-deez.

Archibald Bell-the-cat. Archibald Douglas, earl of Angus (died 1514).

An armed conclave was held in Lauder church (on the subject of ridding the kingdom of the upstart Cochrane, who had risen from the station of a mason to become the earl of Mar). Lord Gray