ANTIPHONARIUM (Rom. xi. 6); (Greek, anti, nomos, opposed to the law, ie. of works.) The system is called 'Antinomianism.' The Antinomians taught that the chosen were at liberty to help themselves to such a share of this world's goods as their necessities required; and that however they might sin in their outward man, in the inner man they sinned not. (Strype, Cranmer, p. 178.) This is a gross perversion of Antinomianism. N.B. In New England, Antinomians, in the 17th cent., denied the 'moral law to be the rule of Christ' (John Harvard, 1628). The Antinomians contended that all things were free and allowable to the saints without sin.HOWITT, Hist, of Eng. vol. ii. p. 252. Antiphona'rium. An Antiph'onary, or book containing the Antiph'onies throughout the year. Such as the 'Greater Antiphonies of O'; the Rogational Antiphonies'; the Alleluyatic Antiphonies'; the Antiphona ad introitum'; the Antiphone Invitatorise'; the Antiphona de Podio'; the 'Processional Antiphonies' &c. By the Constitutions of Archbishop Winchelsey, at Merton (1305), every parish church was ordered to have one. The 'O Antiphonies' are the fifteen prayers be ginning with the letter 0 (Hora Beatissimæ Vir ginta Maria). The Antiphona de l'odio Is the 'Salve Regina' made by Ademarns, bishop of Podium, i.e. Puy. The Antiphona ad introitum' was sung in introitu Mise. The 'Invitatoria' were sung on Sunday nights. Antiphon'eti. An image of Christ crucified set up near the pulpit. Du Cange quotes (vol. i. p. 276, col. 2) the following words: Visus est sibi in occiduo graduum. qui ad sacram edem ducunt, ascensu stare, ubi præter divinsm Domini imaginem quam Antiphoneti appellant, ipsius etiam Niconis effigies expressa est.MARTEN, 10, 6, Ampliss. Collect, col. 880. Antiquaries (The Society of). For the cultivation and understanding of the antiquities of the chief countries of Europe and America. It was started in 1572 by Archbishop Parker and Sir Robert Cotton; but James I. dissolved this society in 1604; and it was reconstructed in 1717. The London Society was chartered in 1572. The Scotch Society was founded in 1780. The Royal Irish Society was chartered in 1788. The French Society was founded, as the Aca démie Celtique in 185; but in 1814 it changed its name into the Société des Antiquaires de France. A Antiquitates Variæ, 1498. literary forgery by Annius of Viterbo (Nannius, Giovanni Nanni), a Dominican. His 17 volumes profess to be selections from Berosius, Manetho, Megasthenes, Archilocus, Myrsiles, Fabius Pictor, Sempronius, Cato, &c., but the selections are not genuine. Antonian Laws (The). The laws of Mark Antony, the Roman consul. 1. To change the name of the month Quintilis into Julius (July). 2. To abolish the perpetual dictatorship. 3. To repeal the Judiciary Julian Law, commanding that the judices should be chosen from the senators and equites only, and not from the tribuni ærarii. The vanity of Augustus in making Sextilis (August) the same length as Quintilis July, deranged the useful system that the even months, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, had thirty days each, and the odd numbers, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, had thirty-one days each. Antonine Column (The). A column, like that in the Place Vendôme (2 syl.), Paris. It was erected by the Roman senate in honour of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, to commemorate his victories over the Marcomanni and other Germanic tribes. On the shaft is represented spirally the victories of the emperor, and an inscription was cut on the pedestal. Sixtus V. had the bad taste to substitute a gilt statue of Paul, holding a Latin cross, for that of Marcus Aurelius; and to substitute a new inscription. So that now the Apostle Paul surmounts a huge column commemorating victories over Germanic tribes; and the new inscription is absolutely ludicrous. It stands on the Piazza Colonna in Rome. Antonine's Itinerary. Extending over the whole Roman empire, embracing all the main roads in Italy and the provinces, with the respective distances. Attached is a maritime itinerary of the distances from port to port. The distances of this itinerary were surveyed by command of Julius Cæsar. Augustus and Antony, B.C. 44, 30, 24; and A.D. 19; and the entire book was corrected and extended between 285-305. The Peutingerian Table (a.r.) and the Jerusalem Itinerary are also valuable for ancient geography. D Antony's Fire (St.). A pestilence also called feu sacré and mal des ardents, especially destructive in France and Germany between 994 and 1089. It appeared in England in the years 1011 and 1012. Hugues Capet, founder of the Capetian dynasty, died of this terrible plague. See 'Feu Sacré,' 'Plague,' &c. Called St. Antony's Fire, because Urban IV. in 1083 founded an order of St. Antony to take charge of those afflicted with this disorder. Never in the history of man was such a disastrous century as that which began at the close of the tenth. All Europe looked for the end of the world, which contributed not a little to the calamities which followed in battalions. Antwerp. Fabulously derived from hand-werpen (hand-throwing); hence the arms of the city are two hands thrown into the Scheldt by the hero Brabo. Much more likely it is an t' werf (the city) on the wharf. Anzia'ni (The), or seniors in Florentine history before 1282. They were twelve in number, two for each sestiere of the city. These seniors acted in concert with a foreign Podestà, and a captain of the people charged with military authority. See 'Ancients.' Ape (1 syl.). The assumed signature of the famous caricaturist, who drew so many of our living notabilities. He was Signor Carlo Pellegrini, who died 1889. Apega. Wife of Nabis, tyrant of Sparta. He invented an infernal machine which he called after his wife, 'Apega.' It was a box exactly resembling his wife in her royal apparel, but inside it was full of spikes which wounded the victim enclosed in almost every part of the body. The 'Iron Virgin' was a similar instrument of torture employed by the Inquisition. It represented a woman of Bavaria, and the spikes were so arranged as to pierce the least vital parts in order to prolong the sufferings of the victim inclosed. (Apega, 3 syl.) Apellês of Europe (The). Antonio Allegri da Correggio (1494-1534). Apelles of his age (The). Sam. Cooper is so called in his epitaph in Old St. Pancras Church (1609-1672). Apex. In the Fenian organisation is the president of the head centres. See 'Bees.' APOLOGISTS Apocryphal Scriptures, of the The Revelation of Peter. The Institutions of the Apostles. The Gospel of Thomas; Acts of ditto. Acts of the Apostles by Andrew. Doubtful. The Revelation of John. The Second Epistle of Peter. The Second and Third Epistle of John. Eusebius, Book III. chap. 25. See 'Old Testament.' Other books not mentioned by Eusebius. The Gnostic Scriptures were: The Prophecies of Cain. The Writings of Pachur. The Psalms by Valentinus and Bardesanês. The Gnostic Hymns by Marcus. The Books of Adam, of Enoch, of Moseh, of Elijah, of Isajah, and many others. Sundry writings by Barkor, Armagil, Barbelon, Balsamum, Lensiboras, &c.Hier, Ad Theod. iii. 6, &c. Apollina'rians, 4th cent. Followers of Apollinaris or Apollinarius, bishop of Laodicea, who denied that Christ had a human soul, and affirmed that the Logos or divine nature supplied the place of the reasonable soul. Condemned in the Council of Alexandria, A.D. 362, and again by the council at Rome in 375. In 378 Apollinaris was deposed. Apologists. Those 'Fathers' who wrote 'Apologies,' or treatises in defence of the rites, doctrines, and moral conduct of Christians in the first three centuries. APOLLINARIS (Claudius), 2nd cent., bishop of Hierapolis, was a Christian apologist. JUSTIN MARTYR, 103–167. Wrote two 'Apologies,' both in Latin; one he ad dressed to Antoninus Pius, in 150; and the other to the Senate, in 164. He says that the Christian religion tends to good QUADRATUS, bishop of Athens. Presented his 'Apology' to Hadrian in 126. TATIAN, born in Syria (flo. 170). Wrote his 'Apology' about 160. Afterwards he was accused of heresy, for forbidding the use of wine even in the sacrament of the Eucharist. He was a Gnostic. THEOPHILUS of Antioch, 120-190. Wrote 'An Apology for the Christian Religion,' in three books. Tertullian, 160-240. Shows in his 'Apology' that faith and patience were manifested by Christians in persecution. Many others wrote in defence of Christianity, but not Apologies. For example: ARNOBIUS (fo. 296). Wrote a Disputation against the Gentiles, in seven books. ATHENAGORAS iflo. 17). Wrote a defence of Christians against the charges of atheism, incest, Infanticide, and other abominations. CYPRIAN, 200-250. Wrote on the Absurdity of Idolatry,' JEROME, 345-420. Refuted the objection that no distinguished person had embraced Christianity. MINUCIUS FELIX (flo. 250). Wrote a dialogue entitled 'Octavius,' in which the speakers represent several objections against Christianity, but are compelled to acknowledge their errors. ORD'SIUS (flo, 415). In his History of the Word' he refutes the accusation that plagues, famine, earthquakes, &c., were judgments of God to show his displeasure against Christians. Besides these, CYRIL of Alexander wrote a reply to Julian the apostate; and THEODORET, in twelve sermons shows the superiority of the prophets and apostles to the Greek philosophers. LACTANTICS 250-325), wrote Divine Institutions,' in seven books; AUGUSTINE (354-490) wrote 'On the City of God." EUSEBIUS (270-33, though no Apologist, wrote an 'Ecclesiastical History,' in ten books, which served the same end. In modern times. GROTIUS (1583-1645) defended Christianity in his 'De Veritate Religionis Christianæ. 136. LARDNER (Nathaniel), 1684-176, did the same in his Credibility of the Gospel History, 1727-1755. BUTLER, bishop of Durham, (1602-1752), in his Analogy of Religion, 1756. PALEY (1748-1805), in his 'Evidences of Christi. anity,' 1794. WATSON, bishop of Llandaff (1787-1816), in his 'Apology for Christianity,' 1776. Still more recently we have Neander, Tholuck, and Reinhard (among Protestants); with Pascal, Bergier, Mayr, and Chateaubriand among Catholics. The branch of theology which deals with the defence of Christianity is called 'Apologetics.' Apology of Melanchthon (The). That is, his Apology or defence of the Augsburg Confession (q.v.), one of the Libri Symbolici Ecclesia Evangelica of the Lutherans. Apostle of Beauvais (The). St. Lucian, who died 290. His day is January 8. Also patron saint. Apostle of Brazil (The). Jose de Anchieta, 1533-1597. It must be distinctly understood there is a great difference between a patron saint and an apostle, The former protects and is generally chosen by the people. The latter converts. Occasionally an apostle is subsequently chosen by a people as their patron saint. Apostle of England (The). Hugh Latimer, bishop of Worcester, 1472-1555. Burnt at the stake in Mary's reign. See 'Apostle of the English.' It was Hugh Latimer who said to Ridley while being chained to the stake: Be of good comfort, Master Ridley, and play the man. We shall this day light such a candie in England, as I trust by God's grace shall never be put out." St. George is patron saint of England, and 8t. Paul of London. Apostle of France (The). St. Denys, i.e. Dionysius the Areopagite, burnt to death A.D. 95. Also patron saint of France. Apostle of Hungary (The). St. Stephen (I.), King of Hungary (979, 9971038). Apostle of Infidelity (The). Voltaire (1694-1778). Apostle of Liberty (The). Thomas Jefferson, third president of the U.S. America (1743-1826). Apostle of Massacre (The). Jean P. Marat called himself so (1744-1793). Apostle of Presbytery (The). John Knox (1505–1572). Apostle of Temperance (The). Father (Theobald) Mathew, a friar of Cork, who began his temperance movement in Ireland in 1837, and met with wonderful success. The movement was in full force during O'Connell's repeal agitation and even during the potato famine (1790-1856). Apostle of Virginia (The). Rev. A. Whittaker, 17th cent. Apostle of the Abyssinians (The). St. Frumentius, who died 860. His day is 27 Oct. Also patron saint of Abyssinia. Apostle of the Allemanian Nations (The). St. Gall or Gallus, an Irishman. Apostle of the Alps (The). Felix Neff (1798-1829). Apostle of the Ardennes (The). St. Hubert (656-730). His days are 30 May and 3 Nov. Apostle of the Armenians (The). Gregory of Armenia (256-331). Also the patron saint of Armenia. His day is 30 Sept. Apostle of the English (The). St. Gregory the Great is so called by the Venerable Bede (514-604). Apostle of the English People (The). St. Augustine, who died 607. See 'Apostle of England.' St. George is the patron saint of England. Apostle of the French (The Great). St. Remi (439-535). His day is 1 Oct. The patron saint of France is St. Denys. The patron saint of Paris is Ste. Geneviève. Apostle of the Frisians (The). St. Wildrod or Willibrod (657-738). His day is 7 Nov. Also the patron saint of Friesland. Apostle of the Gauls (The). St. Denys martyred in 272. His day is 9 Oct. St. Irenæus is sometimes so called (130200). His day is 11 Nov. See 'Apostle of France.' The patron saint of Faul is St. Martin. Apostle of the Gentiles (The). St. Paul, who died A.D. 66. His days are 29 June and 25 Jan. Apostle of the Germans (The). St. Boniface, an English Benedictine monk, whose name was Winfrith or Winfrid, born at Kirton or Crediton, in Devonshire, then part of Wessex, in 680. He was archbishop of Germany in 731, metropolitan at Metz in 742, and was slain June, 755, aged 75. St. Martin is the patron saint of Germany. Gregory II. consecrated him bishop of the New German churches, in 725, and changed his name to Boniface (or Well-doer). Apostle of the Goths (The). Ulfilas, their first bishop (348-388). He translated the Bible into the Gothic tongue, and one copy of the four gospels (if not more) is still extant. Apostle of the Highlanders (The). St. Colomb (521-597). His day APOSTLES is 9 June. Also the patron saint of the Highlands. Apostle of the Hungarians (The). St. Anastasius (954-1044). St. Louis is the patron saint of Hungary; and also St. Mary of Aquisgranum (Aix-la-Chapelle). Apostle of the Indians (The). Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474-1566). Also the Rev. John Eliot (1603–1690). Apostle of the Indies (The). St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552). His day is 8 Dec. Apostle of the Irish (The). St. Patrick (372-493). His day is 17 March. Apostle of the Lowlands (The). Cuthbert, Archbishop of Canterbury (741-758.) Apostle of the Netherlands (The). St. Amandus (594-667). He was bishop of Maestricht. Also the patron saint. Apostle of the New Jerusalem (The). Emanuel Swedenborg (16881772). Apostle of the North (The). St. Ansgar (801-864). Also Bernard Gilpin (1517-1588). Apostle of the Peak (The). Wil liam Bagshawe, of Ford Hall, a nonconformist in the reign of Charles II. (17 Jan., 1627-8-2 April, 1702). Apostle of the Scottish Reformers (The). John Knox (15051572). St. Andrew is the patron saint of Scotland. His day is 30 Nov. It is said that his remains were brought by Regulus to Fifeshire, A.D. 308. Apostle of the Slavi, or Slaves (The). St. Cyril, who died 868. His day is 14 Feb. Apostles (The 14). According to Gospel history or Church tradition 1. ANDREW of Bethsaida, a fisherman, brother of Simon Peter, and son of Jona (bar-Jona). Bound to a cross like the letter X, called a St. Andrew's cross, by order of Egmus, proconsul of Achaia (1st cent.). His day is 30 Nov. His symbol in paintings is a St. Andrew's His scene of labour was Scythia according to tradition. cross. 2. BARTHOLOMEW of Galilee, a fisherman; supposed to be Nathaniel BarTholemy. Flayed alive in Armenia APOSTLES A.D. 71. His day is 24 Aug. His symbol is a knife. His scene of labour was India, according to tradition. 3. JAMES L. (the Greater), of Bethsaida, a fisherman, brother of John, and son of Zebedee and Salomé. Beheaded at Jerusalem by Herod Agrippa, A.D. 43. His day is 24 July. His symbol is a pilgrim's staff and a gourd bottle. 4. JAMES II. (the Less), surnamed 'The Just,' supposed to have been a Jewish ecclesiastic. Brother of Simeon and Jude, called 'brothers of the Lord.' Son of Cleopas (or Alphaus) and Mary. Thrown from a pinnacle of the temple, and then beaten or stoned to death, A.D. 65. His day is 1 May. (See Philip.') His symbol is a fuller's club. Said to be the first bishop of Jerusalem, and succeeded in 67 by his brother, Simeon or Simon. 5. JoHN (the beloved disciple, an Evangelist) of Bethsaida, a fisherman, brother of James I., and son of Zebedee and Salome. The two brothers were called Boanerges. John was the youngest of the apostles, and died at an extreme old age at Ephesus between A.D. 91 and 100. His day is 27 Dec. His symbol is a bowl with a winged serpent flying out of it. He wore a priest's petalon. 6. JUDAS ISCARIOT, i.e. of the tribe of Issachar, Place of birth, parentage, and vocation unknown. Hanged himself A.D. 64. 7. JUDE, Judas not Iscariot, surnamed Thaddaeus, of Nazareth. Brother of James II., and son of Cleopas (or Alphæus and Mary), a 'brother of the Lord.' Occupation unknown. Shot to death by arrows in Armenia or Persia, A.D. 80. His day is 28 Oct. His symbol is a club. 8. MATTHEW, or Levi, of Galilee, a Roman revenue officer at Gennesareth. One of the four Evangelists. Slain by a sword in Ethiopia (1st cent.). His day is 27 Sept. His symbol is a hatchet. 9. MATTHIAS, elected by lot to the college, in place of Judas Iscariot. Nothing known of him. Said to have been first stoned and then beheaded in Colchis (1st cent.). His day is 24 Feb. His symbol is a battle-axe. 10. PAUL, or Saul, of Tarsus. Probably designed to be a Jewish scribe. Brother of Rufus (Rom. xvi. 13), and son of Simon of Cyrene, who helped to carry the cross (Mark xv. 21). Beheaded at Rome, A.D. 66. His days are 29 June (death), and 25 Jan. (conversion). His symbol is a sword. 11. PETER (Simon), or Cephas, of Bethsaida, a fisherman, brother of Andrew, and son of Jona (Bar-Jona). Crucified at Rome with his head downwards, A.D. 66. His day is 29 June. His symbol is two keys. Called by Catholics 'the Prince of the Apostles.' 12. PHILIP, of Bethsaida, probably a fisherman. Parentage unknown. Hanged against a pillar at Hierapolis, a city of Phrygia, A.D. 80. His day is 1 May. (See James II.') His symbol is a long staff with a cross at the end. 13. SIMON or Simeon (Zealotês), probably a fisherman of Nazareth. Brother of James II. and Jude, and son of Cleopas (or Alphæus) and Mary. Crucified in Persia, A.D. 107, at the age of 120. The oldest and last of the Apostles. His day is 18 Feb. His symbol is a saw. Sald to have succeeded his brother James in 07, as bishop of Jerusalem. 14. THOMAS (surnamed Didymus), of Galilee. Probably a fisherman. Parentage unknown. He was run through the body with a spear at Coromandel (1st cent.). His day is 21 Dec. His symbol is a spear. His scene of labour was Parthia, according to tradition. The Apostolic days are: Jan. 25, Feb. 18 and 24, May 1 two apostles, June 29 (two apostles), July 24, Aug. 24, Sept. 27, Oct. 28, Nov. 30, Dec. 21 and 27. None in either March or April, the busy season of Lent and Easter, but two are placed in the following months of May and June. Of the two non-apostolic Evangelists nothing is known. Probably Luke (Lucius) was a Roman by birth, and it is supposed he was a physician and an artist. Tradition says he was hanged in Greece on an olive-tree, in the 1st cent. Mark is supposed to be John Mark, the companion of Paul. Tradition says that, being dragged through the streets of Alexandria, he was hurled from a high rock into the sea. Apostles' Creed (The), or 'Symbol of the Apostles.' This creed is so called because each of the twelve clauses is attributed to one of the apostles. Thus: 1. PETER: I believe in God the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and earth. 2. JOHN: [And] in Jesus Christ, His only Son, our Lord. 8. JAMES (Sen.): Who was conceived of the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, 4. ANDREW: Suffered under Pontius Pilate; was crucified, dead, and buried. (Dead not in the Oriental Creed.) Was dead 'was doadod. |