AMBOISE secret information of the conspiracy. Called the Conspiracy of Amboise because the conspirators assembled there to carry out their purposes. It was betrayed to the Duke de Guise, and 27 barons, 11 counts, and 7 marquises were executed in one day. Pronounce Ahm-bwoiz. Amboise (Edict of), 19 March, 1563. It gave to the Huguenots free exercise of religion in those towns which were in the power of the Calvinists at the date of 7 March, 1563; permission to the lords hauts justiciers to hold assemblies throughout the whole extent of their domains; permission to the nobles of the second rank to celebrate their worship in their own houses, but only for their household; finally, permission in each bailiwick pertaining directly to the parlements for a single place of worship. To all other persons it accorded only the right of private worship. See Edict of January.' Amboise, in France (Treaty of), 12 March, 1563. Concluding the 'Religious War' (1562-63); signed by Charles IX. of France. Amboy'na (The Massacre of), 1624. The Dutch laid claim to all the Spice Islands in the Indian Archipelago. In one of these (Amboyna) the English East India Company had established, in 1612, a small settlement at Cambello. In the whole island there were some 20 English, 30 Japanese, and 200 Dutch. The Dutch pretended that the English and Japanese had combined to expel them from the island, so they seized Captain Towerson, with 9 other Englishmen, 9 Japanese, and 1 Portuguese, and, after torturing them, cut off their heads. See 'Massacres.' Ambro'sian Chant, or 'Hymn,' called 'Ambrosianum,' mentioned by Isidore in his 'De Eccl. Offic.' Book I. c. 6. It was a chant or hymn introduced into the church at Milan in the 4th cent., now known as the 'Te Deum laudāmus,' said, as we now have it, to have been the joint work of St. Ambrose and St. Augustine. Ambro'sian Library (The), at Milan, founded by Cardinal Federigo Borromeo in 1602, and plundered by Napoleon in 1796. The plunder was restored in 1816. So named in honour of St. Ambrosius, patron saint of Milan. N.B. St. Ambrose was Bishop of Milan, A.D. 374-397. Ambro'sian Liturgy, Missal,' 'Office.' So called from being edited and supplemented by St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan (340, 374-397). This liturgy is one of the most ancient; and must, of course, have been in use before the time of St. Ambrose. This is called the Liturgy of Milan, and is one of the chief liturgies of the Roman Church, the other three being the Roman, the Gallican, and the Spanish Liturgies. Ambro'sian Mass, 'Missa Ambrosiana.' Used at Milan, according to the service employed by St. Ambrose. Ambrosin. A coin of the middle ages, struck by the dukes of Milan, on which St. Ambrose was represented on horseback, with a whip in his right hand. Amedieu (2 syl.), or 'Friends of God,' 1400. A religious congregation who wore no breeches, but a grey cloak girded at the loins with a rope. Pius V. united them to the Cistercians and Soccolanti. Amen Corner, London. Before the Reformation the clergy used to walk in procession every year on Corpus Christi day to St. Paul's Cathedral. They mustered at the upper end of Cheapside, and there commenced chanting the Paternoster, which continued through 'Paternoster Row'; at the end of the Row they said Amen, and the spot was called 'Amen Corner.' They then began the Ave Maria, turning down 'Ave-Maria Lane.' After crossing Ludgate, they chanted the Credo in' Creed Lane' (which no longer exists). Corpus Christi Day, called in French the Fête Dieu, is the Thursday after Trinity Sunday; it was the greatest Church festival in the year. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, incorporated by the legislature of Massachusetts, 1780. Academy of Fine Arts, founded at New York, 198, Antiquarian Society, incorporated by the legisla ture of Massachusetts, 1×12, Anti-Slavery Society, formed 1833. Association for the Advancement of Science, projec ted at Boston, 1847. Bible Society, founded in New York, 1816. Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, insti. tuted 1810. Colomsation Society, founded at Washington, 1816. Company (of Russia) for carrying on the fur trade with the north-west coast of America, incorpor ated 1799. Philosophical Society, originated by Franklin, 1743, Cents. 1. Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790. 2. Andrew Jackson, 1767-1845 (7th president). 7. Edwin Stanton, 1815-1869 (statesman). 10. Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 (8rd president). 12. Henry Clay, 1777-1872 (statesman). 15. Daniel Webster, 1782-1852 (statesman). 24. Winfield Scott, 1786-1866 (general). 80. Alexander Hamilton, 1757 1904 (statesman). 90. M. C. Perry. See 'Japanese Perry.' American War of Independence (The), 1775-1783. The first skir mish was at Lexington, 19 April, 1775; issue doubtful, but unimportant. Terminated by the Peace of Versailles, signed at Paris 3 Sept., 1783. The object of the war was to make the United States of America independent of Eng. land. The chief battles of the war are subjoined. Those in common type were doubtful. Those in italics were won by the Americans. Those in capitals were won by the British. Lexington. 19 April, 1775. BROOKLYN, 27 Aug., 1776 Howe over Washington). WHITE PLAINS, 28 Oct., 1776 (won by Lord Howe). Trenton, 26 Dec., 1776 (won by Washington). Princeton, 8 Jan., 1777 (Washington over Corn. wallis). Bennington, 16 Aug., 1777 (German mercenaries defeated). BRANDYWINE, 11 Sep., 1777 (Howe over Washing. ton). Stillwater, 19 Sep., 1777; and 6 Oct., 1777. Saratoga, 11 Oct., 1777 (Gates over Burgoyne). Monmouth Court House, 28 Jan., 1778 (won by Washington). King's Mountain, 7 Oct., 1780. Copens, 17 Jan., 1781 Morgan over Tarleton). GUILFORD, 15 March, 1781 (Cornwallis over Greencl. HOBKIRK HILL, 25 April, 1781 (Rawdon over Greene). Eutaw Spring, 8 Sept.. 171 (claimed by Arnold.) Yorktown, 19 Oct. 1781 (Washington over Cornwallis). The war lasted eight years to a day. The battle of Lexington was fought 19 April, 1775, and the Cessation of hostilities with Great Britain was, by order of General Washington, proclaimed in the American camp 19 April, 1783. France acknowledged the independence of the United States 16 Jan., 1778; Spain in 1779; Holland on 19 April, 1782. England sigued a provisional compact with America, 80 Nov., 1782; announced to Parliament, 5 Dec.; and all hostilities ceased 20 Jan.. 1783. The British troops evacuate New York, 25 Nov.; and an American detachment under General Knox took possession of the town. American War (The Second), 1812-1814. The American War of Independence terminated in 1783. The second war between America and Great Britain was declared by the United States, June 18, 1812, and concluded Dec. 24, 1814, by the Peace of Ghent The chief battles were: (capitals, Eng. lish victories; italic, American victories). QUEENSTOWN (Sheaffe over Van Rensselaer). STONY CREEK (Vincent over Winder), 1818. Moravian Town (Harrison over Proctor), 5 Oct. BLADENSBURG (Ross over Winder), 24 Aug. 1814. Plattsburgh (Macomb over Prevost). New Orleans (Jackson over Pakenham). The immediate cause of this war was, that in 1811 a British ship called The Little Belt,' under Captain Bingham, had engaged the American frigate named The United States, under Commodore Rogers, and each party laid the blame on the other. Nearly the last incident was that the President Madison, on Aug. 24, prepared a grand banquet at the White House, but General Ross took Washington by surprise, and feasted his men on Madison's banquet. (Ross killed 12 Sept. 1814.) American Civil War (The), 18611865. Between the Federals of the Northern States and the Confederates of the Southern and slave-holding States. The total loss of life was 800,000. The Federals were the victors, and American slaveholding was abolished. Cost of the war, to the Federals, 940,000,000l. ster. ling; to the Confederates, 460,000,000%. Total, 1,400,000,000l. sterling. Ami du Peuple (L'). A scandalous democratic journal conducted by Marat in the French Revolution. Its articles were most ferocious, and no one was spared except the very scum of the people. The original name of this infamous journal was the 'Publiciste Parisien,' and its last title was 'Le Journal de la République.' and Pronounce Lah'-me du Peu’pl. Am'iens (Peace of), 1 Oct., 1801. One of the most fatuous ever made by England. As Lord Grenville said: 'England gave up everything, France nothing. France kept Savoy, Belgium, the Germanic States on the left bank of the Rhine, Upper Italy, and Holland. In Asia she was to have AMIS Pondicherry, Cochin, Negapatam, and the Spice Islands; in Africa she was to have the Cape of Good Hope and Senegal; in the West Indies she was to hold Martinique, St. Lucia, Guadaloupe, Tobago, Curaçao, and most of St. Domingo; in America s'e was to be repossessed of St. Pierre and Miquelon; and in South America she was to keep Surinam, Demerara, Berbice, and Essequibo.' We had spent in the nine years 461,800,000, and retained nothing but Ceylon and Trinidad. Addington's Ministry. On 22 May, 1802, a fresh rupture put an end to the 'Peace.' Amis des Noirs (Société des). The first anti-slavery society instituted at Paris by Brissot de Warville, Feb. 1788. Pronounce Ah'-me da Nwar'. Amnesty Association (The), 1870. The members were nearly all Fenians, and one of them was Mr. Parnell. Other members were Egan, Biggar, J. Nolan, John Levy, James Carey, John Sullivan, and Daniel Curley. Amor'ian Dynasty (The), of the Byzantine Empire. It includes Michael II, the Stammerer, who was born at Amoria, in Phrygia, from 820-829; Theophilus, 829-842, and Michael III., the Sot, 842-867. This dynasty was then succeeded by the Macedonian under Basil I. Michael II. conspired against Leo the Armenian, and was made emperor in 820. Anthēla, near Thermopyla. Their purpose was (1) to determine questious of international law; and (2) to preserve the religious institutions of Greece. Amor'ian War (The), A.D. 838. Between the Emperor Theophilus (son of Michael the Stammerer), and the Calif Motassem (son of Harun al Rashid). So called from Amorium, in Phrygia, the birthplace of Theophilus. The Eschinés gives the following names: the Thessalians, Breotians, Dorians, Ionians, Perrhæ bians, Magnetes, Locrians, Eleans, Phthiots, Mallans, Phocians, and one omitted, probably the Dolopians. In the time of Demosthenes the glory had departed from the council. Amphis'san War (The). The third sacred war of Greece, from Feb. to Aug. B.C. 338. The Locrians of Amphissa rebuilt Cirrha on the 'Sacred Land,' and the matter, B.C. 339, was laid before the Amphictyonic Council, which declares war against these Locrians. Philip II. of Macedon undertakes the war for the Council, and is joined by the Peloponnesians; but Athens and Thebes take the side of the Locrians. Amphissa is taken and destroyed in the summer of 338, and in August of the same year the Thebans and Athenians being overthrown at Cheronea, the war is brought to an end. Saracens had the word AMORIUM inscribed on their saddles, in revenge of Theophilus's siege of Sozopetra, the birthplace of Motassera. The Saracens were the victors, but the slaughter on both sides was great. Gibbon gives it as 70,000 Moslems and 30,000 Christians. Theophilus was defeated at Dasymon, and Amorium was lost. Am'pian Law (The), B.c. 64. A law by T. Am'pius, one of the tribunes, to allow Pompey to wear the symbols of triumph at the Circensian games. Amphictyon'ic Council (The). Established B.C. 1124 to the 2nd cent. A.D. A politico-religious court of twelve Grecian tribes held twice a year. spring, the members met in the Temple of Apollo, at Delphi; and in the autumn they met in the Temple of Ceres, at 2 In Amyclæ'an Silence, perilous silence. It is said that the Amycleans were forbidden to disturb the peace by raising a cry of danger from invasion. This law was passed, because the people were always crying 'wolf,' out of fear of the Spartans. It so happened that the Spartans came at last, and none durst sound a note of warning, and so the city was taken. Hence the Greek proverbs, Amycle perished through silence,' and silent than the Amycleans' (Amyclis ipsis taciturnior). 'more Anabaptists, 1521. The nickname of a religious party who maintained that, as baptism should not be administered without a personal confession of faith, the baptism of infante was worthless, and those who had so been baptized must be baptized again as adults, at their own express desire, and after a confession of faith. In Germany, John of Leyden, Munzer, Knipperdoling, and others were called Anabaptists, and maintained that Christ was not God, that righteousness is of works, that there is no such thing as original sin, that infants ought not to be baptized, that all men are of one rank, and that civil magistrates are antiscriptural. See 'Mennonites.' The Anabaptists of Moravia called themselves apostolical. They went barefoot; had a community of goods; dressed in black; and had very gloomy views of future judgment, the malice of Satan, and the enduring pains of hell. Anacreon (The French). I. Pontus de Thiard, one of the 'Pleiad poets' (1521-1605). II. P. Laiyon, perpetual president of the Caveau Moderne,' a Paris club noted for its good dinners. No one not a poet could be a member of it (1727-1811). Anacreon Moore. Thomas Moore of Dublin, who translated Anacreon's odes from Greek into English in the spirit of the original, and wrote numerous odes and other poems of unusual merit (1779-1852). Anacreon of Painters (The). Francesco Albāno (or Albāni), 1578-1660. Anacreon of the Guillotine. Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac, president of the National Convention in 1792. So called from the flowery language he employed in speaking on the measures of the Reign of Terror. Anacreon of the Temple (The). Guillaume Amfrye, abbé de Chaulieu (1639-1720), the Tom Moore of France. Called 'of the Temple' from the place of his abode. Sometimes called the Horace of France. Anacreon of the Twelfth Century. Walter Mapes or Map (1150-1196). His song Meum est propositum' has been translated by Leigh Hunt. Anagni, in Italy (Council of), 24 March, 1160, in which Pope Alexander III. excommunicated Frederick Barbarossa. Anally, in Ireland. The modern Longford. ANDELOT Anatomy (Professorship of), in the University of Cambridge, 1707; founded by the University. Stipend 8001. a year. See Lowndean Professor.' Anatomy Act (The), 2, 3, Will. IV. c. 75, 1832. It provides that a person must have a licence to practise anatomy; it enjoins that inspectors be appointed to visit chambers where anatomy is carried on; that any one may leave his body to be dissected, if he chooses. The law is not applicable to post-mortem examinations. The cause of this Act of Parliament was that persons previously used to murder people and sell their dead bodies for dissection, Burke and Hare murdered sixteen persons and sold their bodies. They used to inveigle men, women, and children into a house, make them drunk, and then smother them by placing a pitch plaster over the mouth and nose. Anatomy of Melancholy (The), 1621. A carnival of quotations, Greek, Latin, German, French, and Italian; philosophical, geometrical, medical, poetical, astrological, musical, pedagogic.' The subject is melancholy, its nature, seat, varieties, causes, symptoms, prognosis; its cure, by legitimate and forbidden means, by dietetics and by pharmacy. Author, the Rev. Robert Burton (1576-1640). Ancenis, in France (Treaty of), 10 Sept., 1468. A treaty of peace be tween Louis XI. and François II., duc de Bretagne. Ancient ofthe Mountains (The). Chief of the Assassins. The Assassins settled in Persia in 1000. Mur dered the Marquis of Montferrat in 112; Louis (Ludwig) of Bavaria in 1213; the Khan of Tartary in 1254, &c. In 1257 the mischievous sect was extirpated. Ancients. The Moravian elders who are the civil and ecclesiastical heads of the community. They preside over the education of the children, enjoin penances, pronounce excommunications, and determine the rank of each member of the community. Between the French National Council' and 'Corps Législatif were two councils,' one of which was called the Conseil des Anciens (consisting of 230 members, the other being the Conseil de Cing-cents. The Florentine Council in the 18th cent. were called the Anziani. Senator means 'senior,' or elder. Andelot (Treaty of), 28 Nov., A.D. 587. Between Gontran of Orleans and Childebert II of Austrasia. By this ANDREW treaty Burgundy was assigned to Gontran. Andrew (Knights of St.), 10 Sept., 1698. A Russian military order (founded by Peter the Great). The cordon is skyblue. The motto is 'For Religion and Loyalty.' The Scotch order is generally called the Order of the Thistle. Andrews (University of St.). Lectures commenced here in 1410. Charter granted by Henry Wardlaw, bishop of St. Andrews, 27 Feb., 1411. Chartered 8 March, 1432, by James I. of Scotland. St. Salvator College founded, 1455, by James Kennedy, bishop of St. Andrews. St. Leonard's College founded, 1512, by prior John Hepburn. St. Salvator's and St. Leonard's Colleges united 1747, and called the 'United College.' The Pedagogy of Wardlaw was enlarged in 1538 by Archbishop Beaton, and called St. Mary's or New College. Andrussow, in Russia (Truce of), 30 Jan., 1667. Between Alexis Michailowitz, czar of Russia, and John II., king of Poland, for fifteen years. It stipulated for the re-annexation to Russia of Smolensko, Polotsk, Mohilef, and Kief, with the abandonment of part of the Ukraine and Severia. Ane'da or Agne'da. The modern Latin name of Edinburgh (Scotland). Angel of the Church of Smyrna (The). Polycarp, the fourth of the Apostolic Fathers (q.v.). He is so addressed in the Book of the Revelation. It is said that he was a disciple of John, the apostle, who appointed him bishop. Angel of the Schools (The). Thomas d'Aquinas, the fifth doctor (12241274). See Angelic Doctor.' Nominalists were called 'Thomists,' and The five doctors were Ambrose (840 897); Augustine (354 430); Jerome (345-430; Gregory, and Aquinas. See Addis and Arnold's Dict., 'Doctors of the Church." It is said that Thomas Aquinas was called the Angel of the Schools, or the Angelic Doctor,' from his controversy Utrum Angelus possit moveri de extremo ad extremum non transeundo per medium.' Aquinas took the negative. Angel'ici, 1st cent. Certain Chris. tians who worshipped angels. They were most numerous in A.D. 180. Mentioned by St. Augustine in his 'Liber de Hæresibus,' 'qui angelos cultu divino prosequebantur. Angelolatry was forbidden by the Council of Laodicea in 366, but enjoined by the Second Council of Nice in 787. See 'Angelites.' Angel'ici. An order of knighthood instituted 1191 by the Emperor Isaac II. Angelic Doctor (The). 'Doctor Angelicus,' Angel of the Schools,' 'the Eagle of Divines,' 'the Universal Doctor,' &c. Thomas Aquinas, or St. Thomas of Aquino, in Italy, of the Dominican order (born 1227, died 1274, canonised by John XXII. in 1869, and declared by Pius V., in 1567, to be the 'Fifth Doctor of the Church'). He was a schoolman of the Aristotelian class, and a Nominalist (q.v.). His great opponent was Duns Scotus, a Realist (q.v.), of the Franciscan order; and from these two leaders Angel'icus, meaning 'Hymnus Angelicus,' is the hymn sung in the Mass, Glory to God in the highest, &c.,' sung by the angels at the Nativity. The Trisagion is also called 'Hymnus Angelicus.' The monk's dress is called' Angelicus,' or Angelica Vestis,' 'quod et ipsi dicantur angeli a patribus,' as in the Revelation the ministers of the churches of Asia are addressed as Angels.' An'gelites (3 syl.), A.D. 494. Monoph'ysites (4 syl.), or heretics who maintained that Christ had but one nature. They received their name from Angelius, in Alexandria, where they used to meet. See 'Angelici.' Angel'ium (The). The annunciation. First mentioned by Gelasius in 492. An'gelus, 1095 (Council of Clermont). A prayer and a bell which calls to the prayer. The Angelus is a prayer to the Virgin Mary, instituted by Urban II. It begins with the words 'Angelus Domini nuntiavit Mariæ '(Luke i. 28), then follows the salutation of the angel Gabriel, 'Ave Maria,' &c. The prayer contains three verses, and each verse ends with the salutation, 'Ave Maria.' The bell, which is rung three times a day, morning, noon, and evening, was instituted in 1316, by John XXII. It was Louis XI. who (1472) commanded it to be rung daily at noon. Louis IX., in 1472, commanded all his subjects to repeat the 'Salutatio Angelica' every noon, at the sound of a bell. The Compline is about three |