There is a French hagiography, called Les Petits Bollandistes, in 17 large octavos, elited by Mgr. Paul Guérin, chamberlain to Leo XIII. The 7th edition was published in 1880. This compilation contains hundreds of lives not in the Latin books, Acte Additionnel. See 'Additional Act,' 1815. Pronounce Act Ad-dis'-se-o-nel. Acte Constitutionnel (L'), June 24, 1793. Presented to the French nation by the Convention, and based on the 'sovereignty of the people and indivisibility of the Republic.' Pronounce Act Con-sti-tu'-so-o-nel. Ac'tiac War (The). This arose out of the rupture between Octavian and Antony, two of the Triumvirs (B.c. 33). Octavian declared war against Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, and defeated Antony at Actium, 2 Sept., B.C. 81. Both Cleopatra and Antony killed themselves. Alexandria was taken by Octavian Aug. 30 (B.C. 83), and Egypt was made a Roman province B.C. 80. Ac'tian Years. Years in which the games at Actium were celebrated. These games were held by the Romans once in five years, and were instituted B.C. 80 by Augustus. Actiat'ic Era (The). This era begins from the battle of Actium, between Antony and Octavianus. The defeat of Antony made Octavian master of the Roman empire, 2 Sept., B.C. 31. The era of Augustus was later by four years than the Actiatic era. It began B.C. 27. Acton Burnel (The Statute of), 12 Oct., 1283. So called from the place of its enactment. It gave creditors their remedy by what is called 'Statute-merchant,' i.e. a bond of record under the hand and seal of the debtor, authenticated by the king's seal. If the debtor failed to pay on the date assigned, execution was summarily awarded. This was called Pocket Judgment (2 Edw. I.). The Statute of Acton Burnel is sometimes called the Statute of Merchants (Statutum Mercatorum). Adamantius. So Origen was called on account of his great perseverance and persistency (185–253). Ad'amites (3 syl.), or Adam'ians. A fanatical sect of the second century, which wanted to revert to the life of Adam and Eve before the Fall. They rejected marriage and went about naked. ADDITIONAL Ad'amites (The), or 'Brethren of the Free Spirit,' 15th and 16th cent. A religious sect that imitated Adam's nakedness before the fall, asserting that their redemption by Christ had restored their innocence. They met together quite naked to pray and preach, both men and women. This sect was propagated at Antwerp by one Tandemi, who drew after him 3000 followers; and in Bohemia by one Picard (St. Augustine, De Hares. et Isidor. book viii. c. 5). In Notes and Queries, Jan. 10. 1885, is given an extract of a Camisard prophetess, who, on Nov. 16 (no year stated, but about 1707), did strip quite naked, and after the ceremony of the mass, ran to the High Alter of Lincoln's Inn Fields, and in several strange and indecent postures did hold forth in a powerful manner,' for about a quarter of an hour. Adams Prize (The). For pure mathematics, astronomy, &c. Value 801; for any graduate of the University of Cambridge; awarded every two years. Founded from a fund raised by members of St. John's College in honour of Mr. Adams, who first discovered the planet Neptune, in 1848. See' Regius Professor of Divinity.' Ad'amus Magis'ter, Adam of Bre men, died 1076. He wrote a 'History of the Churches of Hamburg and Bremen' (from 788 to 1072). Addenbrooke's Hospital. 120 beds and a children's ward. Founded, in Cambridge, by John Addenbrooke, M.D., fellow of Catharine Hall, 1766, and further endowed in 1813. Pronounce Ad'-den-brook's. Addison (The American), Joseph Dennie (1768-1812). Addison (The Spanish), Benedict Jerome Feyjoo (1701-1764). Addison of the North, Henry Mackenzie, author of the 'Man of Feeling' (1745-1831). Addison's Disease. A bronzing of the skin which goes on till the patient assumes the appearance of a mulatto. It was first described by Dr. Thomas Addison of Guy's Hospital. So Additional Act (An), 1815. Napoleon called his new constitution, granting freedom of election for the representatives, who were to be elected every five years, and to be paid stipends; it also provided for juries, for the right of ADDLE petition, for freedom of worship, and for the inviolability of property. Published April 25, 1815, and accepted at the Champ de Mai, May 31, 1815. Addle Parliament (The). 5 April to 7 June, 1614. So called because it displayed a great spirit, pregnant with most momentous consequences, but did not pass one single bill. Its eggs were addled and produced no living creature. See 'Parliament.' It remonstrated, for example, with the king (James L on his levying benevolences, but passed no act to restrain or prevent the imposition in future. Addressers, 1759. A knot of Irish commercial men who addressed the British Government for Catholic relief. The 'Address' was drawn up by Charles O'Conor, signed by 400 citizens of Dublin, and presented to the Speaker. The Speaker took the Address in silence, and the deputation retired. The Viceroy published it in the Dublin Guzette, the deputation was sent for again, and the Speaker thanked them for theit Address. This being the first recognition of the Catholics, forms a political epoch in the history of Ireland. In 1760 the Catholics drew up an 'Address' to King George III on his accession to the crown, praying for Catholic relief; and in 1793 the Catholic Relief Bill received the royal assent. Adelantados Mayores, 1230. A new order of nobility created by Fernando III. of Castile and Leon, for the provinces of Spain, instead of counts and governors. Pronounce Ad'-e-lan-tah'-doze Mayor'-reez. Adelphi (The). A secret society of Piedmont, sprung out of the Carbonari, after the unsuccessful outbreak of 24 June, 1817. controversy upon what the Leipsic conference called matters of indifference or of no moment. Vestments formed part of the controversy, and the famous Hooper lifted up his voice against 'Aaronical habits." Greek, adiaphoros, indifferent. Adjutant-General. A military officer on the staff of the commander-inchief, charged with all matters relating to the discipline and drill of the army. Adju'tators, or 'Council of Adjutators,' 28 April, 1647. Two delegates from each of the eleven parliamentary regiments, summoned to a meeting at Triploe Heath, in lieu of the Council of Officers. This Council of Adjutators settled all questions of pay, disbanding, officers, and so on. It was also called the 'Council of Assistors;' and after their petition to Parliament (soon after the battle of Naseby), that Cromwell and his army should not be sent to Ireland, the Presbyterians called them the * Council of Agitators,' which name they readily adopted. Charles I. addressed Cornet Joyce as Mr. Agitator Joyce,' when he came to remove him (the king) from Holmby House. Ad'mirable (The), James Crichton, a Scotchman (1561-1582). Admirable Doctor (The), or The Wonderful Doctor,' Roger Bacon, frequently called 'Friar Bacon,' born near Ilchester, in Somersetshire. He was a Franciscan, and one of the most learned men that ever lived. So great his knowledge, so numerous his discoveries, so wonderful his philosophical experiments, that he was condemned for necromancy by the Franciscan Council of Paris during his sojourn in France, and Pope Nicholas IV. commanded that he should be imprisoned. He was accordingly incarcerated at Paris from 1278 to 1259. Being released he returned to Oxford, where he died. (1214-1294.) He has left several works behind him, which show a considerable acquaintance with the laws of mechanics, statics, opties, and the chemical properties of bodies. H was a good mathematician, and knew both Greek and Hebrew. Admiral. The title of the highest class of British naval officer. Called a flag officer' from being entitled to fly a flag when in command of a squadron. Admirals formerly were distinguished by the colour of their flag, whether red, white, or blue, but these distinctions were abolished in 1864, and the ensign of all admirals is now white. There are, however, three grades, called admiral, viceadmiral, and rear-admiral. Admirals and vice-admirals must retire at the age of 65, and rear-admirals at 60. The retiring pay of an admiral is 850. per annum (80 years' service); half pay, 21. 2s. a day. The retiring pay of a vice-admiral is 7231. per annum (2 years' service); half pay, 11. 128. 6. a day. The retiring pay of a rear admiral is 6001, per annum (27 years' service); half pay 11. 5s, a day. N.B. Admirals of the fleet retire at the age of 70, and their half pay is 31. 78. a day. Admiralty Court (The), or 'High Court of Admiralty.' Erected by Edward III. about 1350. Held before the Lord High Admiral or his deputy. There used to be two courts, viz., the Instance Court, and the Prize Court. The former was a municipal tribunal for the determination of private injuries or private rights arising at sea, or intimately connected with maritime subjects. The latter decided all matters of capture, prizes, reprisals, and so on, which were all submitted to the Admiralty laws and the law of nations. The prize court was virtually abolished by 83, 4 Vict. c. 65, s. 22 (1840), and great changes were made in 1861 and 1875. Admiralty Droits. Derelict ships and other property picked up at sea by British vessels, if not claimed. These perquisites were formerly claimed by the Lord High Admiral; but by the Merchant Shipping Act (1854) are now placed under the control of the Board of Trade, by which all the proceeds are now paid into the public exchequer. Seizures of property belonging to an enemy in time of war are deemed droits of Admiralty. Admiralty Office (The), 1512. Instituted by Henry VIII.; business regulated by 2 Will. IV. c. 40 (1832). Admonition of Parliament (The), or The Admonition to the Parlia ment,' 1571, by certain puritans in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, condemning everything in the Church of England not in accordance with Calvinism. This admonition condemned every rite and ceremony not expressly commanded in Scripture, and set at naught all general rules and church canons. The two fundamental principles of the Admoni. tion were these: (1) We ought to have the same ADRIANOPLE kind of church government as that of the Apostolio times, to be gathered from Scripture, and Scripture only. (2) Nothing used in the Church of Rome may in any wise be continued. Wilcox and Field, the supposed authors, were imprisoned. A second Admonition by Carter called forth a reply by Archbishop Whitgift. Admonitionists (The), 1571. Certain puritans in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, authors of the 'Admonition of Parliament' (q.v.). Pronounce Ad-mo-nish'-shun-ists. Adop'tian Controversy (The). A controversy which arose in Spain in the 8th cent., whether Jesus Christ was the Son of God by generation, or by adoption only. Elipand archbishop of Toledo, and Felix bishop of Urgel, maintained that Jesus Christ had two distinct natures, one divine and the other human. In his divine nature he is the Son of God by generation, the 'only begotten of the Father;' but in his human nature he is the Son of God by adoption only (Rom. viii. 29). Alcuin took the orthodox side. Two synods were convened on the subject: one at Ratisbon in 792, and the other at Frankfort in 794, in which Adoptianism was pronounced heretical. Duns Scotus and Durandus were Adoptianists. Adop'tianists (The). 'Adoptians,' or Adoptiani,' 8th cent. Spanish heretics who maintained that Christ was the Son of God only by adoption. This heresy was condemned at the Synod held at Frankfort in A.D. 794. Ador'ni and Frego'si Contests (The). In Genoa, 1860-1527, contests between the two powerful families of Gabriele Adorno and Domenico da Fregoso, who contended for the chief magistracy. Adorno was appointed doge and deposed, then Fregoso was appointed doge and deposed, and so it went on till 12 Sept. 1527, when Andrea Doria gave Genoa a new constitution. Adrianites (4 syl.). Followers of Adrian Hamstedius (16th cent.). They held that the body of Christ was formed entirely of the substance of the Virgin mother. The followers of Simon Magus are also called Adrianites. Pronounce A'-dre-an-ites. Adrianople, Peace of (The), Sept. 14, 1829. A treaty between Russia and Turkey. The war preceding this treaty was the most disastrous in which Turkey had ADVENT ever been engaged, and the treaty added large territories to Russia. It acquired Anapa and Poti, with a considerable extent of coast on the Black Sea, a portion of the pashalik of Akhilska, with the two fortresses of Akhilska and Akhilkillak, and in many other ways greatly weakened Turkey. As Lord Aberdeen said in his despatch, it gave Russia the control of Asia Minor, and the keys to the Persian and Turkish provinces whenever she may choose to extend her conquests to Teheran (Ta-rain) or to Constantinople. Advent Sundays. Instituted 567, by the Council of Tours, to commemorate the four Advents of Christ- 1. His advent to Bethlehem, where He was born. 2. His advent to Jerusalem, where He was crucified. 8. His advent into man's heart when he believes and receives Him as a Saviour. 4. His advent in the clouds when He comes to judge the world. See 'Sundays.' Adventure Bay (S.E. of Tasmania). So called by Captain Furneaux, from the ship Adventure in which he sailed, 1773. Adventurers. I. 1641-1650, persons who had adventured money for the reduction of Ireland during the rebellion. Those who adventured 2001. were to have 1,000 acres in Ulster. Those who adventured 8001, were to have 1,000 acres in Connaught. Those who subscribed 4501. were to have 1,000 acres in Munster, and those who subscribed 600l. were to have 1,000 acres in Leinster. II. 1652, those soldiers who had served in Ireland since the landing of Cromwell in 1649, and were entitled to a share of the lands in lieu of their arrears of pay. Adversity Hume. Joseph Hume, M.P. (1777-1855). So called because he was for ever presagin the ruin of Great Britain. 'Prosperity Robinson, M.P., just before the commercial crisis of 125, boasted that the country was never in a more prosperous condition. Cobbett gave Robinson his sobriquet, and that of Hume followed naturally. Advocate (Lord). About 1500, the principal public prosecutor in Scotland. Lie is assisted by a solicitor-general and four junior counsel (termed 'advocates depute). Virtually he is secretary of state for Scotland. Pronounce Ad'-vo-kate. Advocates' Library (The), Edinburgh, 1682. By the copyright law of 1709 it obtained the privilege of receiving gra tuitously a copy of every new book. This magnificent library belongs to the Faculty of Advocates (q.v.), and was established by Sir George Mackenzie. It contains about 170,000 books, and of course the number increases every year. Advoca'tus Diab'oli. One appointed to advance every conceivable reason why a person whose name is submitted for canonisation should not be admitted into the calendar of the saints. Advowson (Advocatio"). The right of presentation to a living. Advowsons were originally vested in those laymen who were founders or benefactors of liv ings; but at the dissolution of the monasteries in the reign of Henry VIII. livings were given to laymen who took the tithes and appointed vicars to represent the patrons. These vicars were paid stipends, generally the small tithes.' By sales the right of presentation to livings has passed into private hands. Egine'tan Standard (The). That is, the standard of weights and measures used in the island of Egina, and introduced into Greece by Periander of Corinth (B.C. 665, 625-585). A, E, I, O, U. The five vowels, adopted by Friedrich III., second of the Habsburg dynasty, for the imperial device: Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo (or Imperatura). In German: Alles Erdreich Ist Oesterreich Unterthan. In 1966, after the seven-weeks' war with Prussia, Austria was denuded of Germany, and in 1870 the king of Prussia became the emperor of Germany. Then the famous anagram might have been inscribed on the conqueror's banners, Austria's Empire Is Overthrown Utterly. Alian and Fuf'ian Law (The), B.C. 156, in ancient Rome, empowering magistrates to prevent or dissolve comitia when the auspices were unpropitious. Elian Sen'tian Law (The), B.C. 3, regulating the manumission of slaves. Amil'ian Laws (The). These werg (1) the law by Mamercus Æmilius, dicta tor of Rome, to shorten the censors' term of office, B.C. 434. And (2) the sumptuary laws of Marcus Æmilius (Scaurus), relative to the kind and quantity of food to be set on table at entertainments, B.C. 115. Emil'ian Road (The), between Bononia (Bologna) and Placentia; made by Marcus Æmilius Lepidus, the consul, B.C. 187. It was a continuation of the Flaminian Way. olian Poets. See 'Lesbian Poets.' Eolians (The) had for their possession the plain land of Thessaly, with Phocis, Boeotia, part of Peloponnesus (i.e. Arcadia and the parts near), and their colony in Asia Minor. In Asia Minor they founded Lesbos, Smyrna, and Elis. Holic Migration (The). In the mythic period of Greek history. According to mythic history, Eolos was the eldest son of Hellen and grandson of Deucalion. He spread his ancestral name through the greater part of northern Greece and along the western coast of the peninsula. In the 11th cent. B.C. some of them migrated to Asia Minor, where they founded, on the north-west coast, above thirty cities. They were ultimately absorbed in the Roman Empire. Era or A.E.R.A, Annus Erat (or Est) Regni Augusti. The Spaniards began their dates from the advent of the reign of Augustus, the Roman Emperor. See 'Era.' Ae'rians or 'Aeria'ni.' A religious sect, founded by Aerius, a priest, in the 4th cent. In doctrine they corresponded with the Arians, but they also maintained that all priests are bishops. Their great 'heresy,' however, was forbidding masses for the dead. Pronounce A-ō-ri-ah'-ne. Aeroliths or Aerolites. Pronounce Air'-ro-lites. B.C. 654, a shower of stones fell on the Alban Mount (Licy). B.C. 467, a great stone fell at Egospotami, on the Hellespont (Parian Chronicle). Pliny says it was about the size of a waggon. A.D. 142. Nov. 7, a ponderous stone, weighing 250 lbs., fell from the sky near the town of Ensis. heim, in Upper Alsace. A part of it is still preser ved in the parish church. The Emperor Maximi. lian witnessed the fall of this meteor, and had the stone placed in the church to prove that 'God insisted on a crusade against the Turks.' ETOLIAN A.D. 1510 there was a great fall of meteors in Lombardy, some 60 lbs. in weight, and some as much as 120 lbs. They were of a rusty colour. A.D. 1627, Nov. 27, a stone weighing 59 lbs. fell on Mount Vassier, in Provence. This is attested by Gassendi, A D. 1751, May 26. Two masses fell at Agram, in Sclavonia, one weighing 16 lbs. and the other 71 lbs. The analysis of these stones by Klaproth is pre served in the Vienna museum (95 parts are iron, 3 nickel). A.D. 1803, April 26. A shower of stones fell near L'Aigle. M. Biot was deputed by the French Government to repair to the spot and report on the phenomenon. Between 2,000 and 3,000 stones had fallen, the largest being 17 lbs. in weight. A.D. 1897, March 13, A stone fell at Smolensk, in Russia, weighing 160 lbs. It was black and shiny. A.D. 1818, Sept. 10. A stone, weighing 17 lbs., fell in the county of Limerick, at 10 o'clock in the morn ing. A.D. 1815, Feb. 15. A stone weighing 25 lbs. fell in the town of Dooralla, in British India. The Indians consecrated it in a temple, and approach it with reverence and clasped hands. A.D. 1822, June 2, Sunday, 3 o'clock p.m. I myself saw an aerolith fall at Gislingham, Suffolk. It made a deep hole in the earth about 8 yards from a wheat stack. It then bounded off in an opposito direction to the stack and burst. It fell with a tremendous noise, like crashing thunder. I was too young at the time to search for pieces, and not a little terrified. The window I was sitting at was some 20 yards off. In the Imperial Museum of St. Petersburg is an immense mass. The fall was witnessed by Pallas in Siberia. The largest acrolith known is one which fell in Brazil. It is estimated to weigh 14,000 lbs. A.D. 1887. An aerolith fell near St. Joseph, in the West Indies. It weighs 2 tons (ie. 2,280 lbs.), and buried itself in the earth between 15 and 18 feet. J. Norman Lockyer says,the number of meteors which fall daily to the earth exceeds twenty-one millions.'-Nineteenth Century (Nov. 1889, p. 787). Eschylos (The French). Prosper de Crébillon (1674-1762), noted for his power in depicting rage and terror. His plays are Xerxes,' 'Semiramis,' 'Electra,' "Pyrrhus,' and 'Catiline.' Pronounce Eas'-ki-lus. Ætolian Confederacy (The), B.C. 823, called into existence by the Lamian war (q.v.). The states used to assemble annually in the autumn at Thermum, and the assembly was called the Panatolicon. B.C. 189 the Ætolian States were subjected to the Romans. The object of the Lamian war was (on the death of Alexander the Great) to liberate Greece from Macedonia. The Athenians were the principal insurgents, but were defeated in $22 at Cranon, by Antipater. Etolian League (The). Etolia joined the Greek confederates in the Lamian War B.C. 813, but the Etolian League rose into no great prominence till the Macedonian War (B.c. 214), when Sparta joined it, and it became the antagonist of the Achaean League, which sided with Philip V. of Macedon. It was the unwise policy of the Ætolian League which made Rome master of Greece. |