Le corps périt, l'ame est immortelle; cependant nous négli geons celle-ci, et pous sacrifions tout pour celui-là. The body perishes, the soul is immortal; nevertheless, we neglect this, and sacrifice every thing for that. RULE V. Such expressions as he who, she who, they who, that which, those who, such as, &c. are expressed by celui qui, M. celle qui, F. ceux qui, M. P. celles qui, F. P. Whom, &c. that which (being objects), are rendered by celui que, &c.—EXAMPLES: Observe, 1st. That qui may be separated from celui; in that case, là is joined to it; so, instead of saying, Celui qui médit de son prochain est un homme méchant, We may say, He who slanders his neighbours is a wicked man, Celui-là est un homme méchant, | He is a wicked man who slanders qui médit de son prochain. And, instead of his neighbours. Ceux qui négligent de payer leurs | Those who neglect to pay their dettes, se préparent bien des chagrins, We may say, debts, bring upon themselves many cares, Ceux-là, se préparent bien des | They bring upon themselves many chagrins, qui négligent de pa yer leurs dettes. cares, who neglect to pay their debts. 2d. If a question be asked by the English relative which, it is, in French, rendered, in the answer, by celui que, celle que, &c. or celu qui, celle qui, &c. on such occasions as in the following EXAMPLES Laquelle de ces deux oranges vou- | Which of these two oranges will you have? Which you please. Which of these cloths do you like best? That which pleased you much. Which of these two men is the tallest? The one on your right. RULE VI.-Ce joined to the verb être requires it should accord with the substantive that follows.-EXAMPLES: C'est votre temps, ce sont vos soins, | It is your time, it is your cares vos affections, c'est vous-même qu'il faut donner à votre ami. Si ce n'est pas la religion, ce sont les coutumes qu'on y révère au lieu de lois. Sont-ce là vos gens? Ce furent ces associations qui firent fleurir si long-temps la Grèce. Ce furent les Français qui prirent la place d'assaut. 1 and affections, it is yourself, you must bestow on your friend. If it be not religion, it is custom that is venerated there instead of the law. Are these your people? It was those associations that made Greece flourish so long. It was the French who took the place by storm. Poets and prose writers occasionally deviate from the above rule. Observe, that, if être be followed by several nouns in the singular, it remains in the singular, though those nouns, united, be equivalent to a plural.-EXAMPLES: C'est votre frère et votre ami, qui | It is your brother and your friend for you. vous demandent. Ce qui fait le triomphe d'une | That which forms the triumph of femme, c'est la vertu et l'es- a woman, is virtue and underprit. standing. RULE VII. Should the verb être be followed by a plural pronoun, it remains notwithstanding in the singular, except that pronoun be of the third person plural; and then it assumes the nuniber corresponding thereto.-EXAMPLES: C'est nous qui avons enlevé le | It is we who have carried the codrapeau. Est-ce nous qui l'avons oublié ? lours off. Is it we who have forgotten it? Ce fut nous qu'on choisit pour [ It was we that were chosen for cette expédition. C'est vous, messieurs, qui en êtes cause. Est-ce vous, mesdames, qui avez dansé les premières? Ce sont eux qui lui apprendront la that expedition. It is you, gentlemen, who are the cause of it. Was it you, ladies, who danced first? It is they who will teach him the Is it they who are against it? RULE VIII.-When a question is asked, in French, by est-ce là, sont-ce là, &c. if it relate to one thing, the answer, in the affirmative, is oui, ce l'est; if to several, oui, ce les sont; but, if to persons, the proper pronouns are used and placed after the verb, étre.-EXAMPLES: Est-ce là la maison de votre père? | Is this your father's house? Yes, Oui, ce l'est. it is. Is that your handkerchief? Yes, Are these his amusements? Yes, Is that their French master? Yes, it is he. Was that his or her sister? Yes, it was. Are these your friends? Yes, they are. Are these your kinswomen? Yes, they are. Observe, 1st, When such an indeterminate question as sont-ce des hommes que je vois? are these men that I see? is asked, the answer is, c'en est, yes, they are: one cannot answer c'en sont, which would be quite as harsh as sont-ce eux? 2d, The answer to such a question as est-ce là nos gens? are these our people? (which can be resolved, in French, by cela est-il nos gens? is that our people?) is, oui, c'est eux; that is to say, cela est eux; but, if the question was expressed thus, which is the most correct way, sont-ce là nos gens? the answer would be, ce sont eux. • In interrogation, sont-ce eux? would be too grating to the ear; the singular, est-ce-eux? though it militates against the above rule, is preferred. LESSON THE SEVENTH. OF QUI, QUE, &c. RULE I.-Who, that, and which, not acted upon by a preposition, are expressed by qui, which, when those words are placed before a verb, in English, if some one of the active pronouns I, thou, &c. he not interposed between them and the verb, is appropriate to any object to be determined.-EXAMPLES: L'homme qui parle est un de mes amis. La demoiselle qui me parle a été dangereusement malade. La femme qui prend soin de son ménage est estimable. Voyez-vous ces chevaux qui courent? Passez-moi le plat qui est sur la table. The man who speaks is a friend of mine. The young lady who speaks to me has been dangerously ill. The woman who takes care of her house is estimable. Do you see those horses that run? Hand me the dish which is on the table. RULE II. When whom, that, or which, are placed before a verb attended by the active pronouns I, thou, &c. they are translated, in French, by que.-EXAMPLES: EXCEPTION. Who or whom, though placed before an active pronoun, when it is meant to express what person, must be translated by qui, which stands for quel est or qui est celui que.—EXAMPLES: Je sais qui vous voulez dire. Devinez qui j'aime, Je ne saurais deviner qui vous aimez. I know whom you mean. Guess whom I love. I cannot guess whom you love. Eh bien! vous ne saurez jamais Well! you will never know who qui c'est. it is. RULE III.-Of whom, of whose, or whose, are generally expressed by dont, for all sorts of objects (singular or plural, masculine or feminine,) when the noun they relate to is the subject or object of a sentence. Of whom, or whose, relating to persons only, may also be rendered by de qui.-EXAMPLES: Dieu de qui, ou dont nous admi- | God whose works we admire. rons les œuvres. C'est l'homme de qui ou dont je vous ai parlé. Les héros de qui ou dont il tire son origine. Est-ce là le cheval dont vous venez de faire l'acquisition? Le moyen dont il s'est servi n'est pas honnête. C'est une maladie dont on ne co- It is the man of whom I spoke to you. The heroes of whom he draws his origin. Is that the horse of which you have just now made a purchase? The means of which he made use is not honest. It is an illness, the cause of which is unknown. It is an event of which no account is given in history. Observe, that from whom is always by dont.-EXAMPLES: rendered by de qui, and never Le jeune homme de qui j'ai reçu | The young man from whom I reune lettre, il y a quelque temps, est mort. Le négociant, de qui vous réclamez cet argent, vient de faire banqueroute. Les gens, de qui vous attendez tant de services, vous trompent. ceived a letter, some time ago, is dead. The merchant, from whom you claim that money, has just become a bankrupt. The people from whom you expect so many services, deceive you. RULE IV. Instead of dont, we use, 1st, de qui, m. and f. s. and p. or duquel, m. s. de laquelle, f. s. &c. for persons; and 2dly, duquel, m. s. de laquelle, f. s. &c. (and never de qui) for things, when the sense or construction of the phrase admits of a noun acted upon by a preposition placed between them and the noun it relates to.-EXAMPLES: |