without which what one was speaking about could not take place; it is derived from the Latin word hora, which became hor, and then or in French. Here is an application of this conjunction: All men are mortal. Now you are a man. Or stands for à cette heure, à présent, dans ce moment. DONC, which generally follows or, may, according to SICARD, be thus ana'ysed: "Tous les hommes sont mortels," or vous êtes homme. Thus, the word DONC contains in itself the value of the preposition de, the Latin adverb undè, and the Latin word quod. The French donc is the equivalent of these words: de-là vient que. The guttural c supplies the place of q, and reciprocally; it is easy, therefore, to find in the word donc the representation of the four Latin words, de undè venit quod. S Is the que denoting comparison, and the que denoting admiration or desire, of the same species with the que just mentioned ? M. Exactly S. I do not fully perceive this. In "Je crois qu'il est malade," I clearly see two propositions; but, in "Le soleil est plus grand que la lune; que vous êtes bonne et aimable! que le ciel comble vos vœux!" I see but one proposition in each: this que must, therefore, certainly be of a different species from the first que, which serves to connect two propositions. M. I profit by your remark to speak of the ellipsis, a mode of expression by which man abridges his speech, in order the more speedily to manifest his sentiments. It occurs frequently in all languages, and is one of the chief causes of grammatical error. The sentence, "Le soleil est plus grand que la lune," stands in the place of another, "Le soleil est plus grand que la lune n'est grande," in which you may perceive the whole part of the second proposition which the que was designed to unite with the first: Le soleil est plus grand. In the sentences et aimable! Que le ciel comble vos vœux ! the whole of the first proposition is suppressed. In the first it is such a one as, On ne peut répéter assez que, &c. It cannot be sufficiently repeated, how, &c. In the latter, Je désire que, &c. I wish that, &c. From the above, I have a right to conclude that the comparative, exclamative, and admirative que, is neither more nor less than the conjunctive que. S. What are the compound conjunctions? M. They are the following, which we have divided into two classes, according as they govern the indicative or subjunctive. They are called compound, because the conjunction que, which gives them a conjunctive property, is combined with some of the other parts of speech Owing to that circumstance, they have with propriety been denominated conjunctive phrases. II N COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS GOVERNING THE INDICATIVE EXEMPLIFIED. Attendu que (seldom used). Since, because. A (à) ce que. As fast or as soon as. A (à) cause que. A (à) condition que. Je l'ai fait ainsi que je vous l'ai promis. Une place aussi forte que l'était cette ville, n'aurait A place so strong as that city, should not have been Vous en prendrez aussi peu qu'il vous p.aira. Je suis arrivé aussitôt qu'il m'a été possible. que vous. Il est en état de le faire aussi bien I punished him because (or since) he was in the A ce que je vois, vous ne l'aurez pas à temps. As fast or as soon as they appeared, they were over- Faut-il qu'il soit insolent, à cause qu'il est riche? Oncondition that. I agree to it, on condition that he will come. l'entretiendrez. I let this house to you, on condition that you will keep it in repair. Je vous l'accorde, bien entendu que vous tiendrez parole. I grant it to you, provided you will keep your word. C'est pour cela que je ne lui ai pas accordé sa demande. It is for that I did not grant him his request. Dès que la paix sera faite, je partirai pour l'Europe. rope As long as. Tellement que. Vu que. Qu'avez-vous fait, depuis que vous êtes ici? De sorte qu'il n'a pu en venir à bout. La nuit vint, de façon que je fus contraint de m Night came on, so that I was obliged to retire. Lorsqu'il apprit cette fatale nouvelle, il partit sur le champ. When he learnt this fatal news, he set off immediately. Je vous reprends de vos fautes, parce que je vous aime. I chide you for your faults, because I love you. Tandis que vous causez, le chat emporte la viande. Tant que j'aurai de l'argent, vous n'en manquerez pas. As long as I have money you shall not want any. Il est tellement occupé qu'il ne reçoit personne, Seeing that, con- He will not do it, seeing that it is forbidden to sidering. him. COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS GOVERNING THE SUBJUNCTIVE EXEMPLIFIED. A (à) Dreu ne A Dieu ne plaise que j'en aie envie. plaise que. God forbid that. that. God forbid that I should wish for it. Je suis sa caution, afin qu'il soit mis en liberte, A (à) moins que. Vous ne l'aurez pas, à moins que vous n'en payiez la moitié. You shall not have it, unless you pay the half of it. Il faudra nous retirer, au cas que cela arrive. A la bonne heure qu'il sorte, pourvu qu'il revienne bientôt. I agree he shall go out, provided he soon comes Il est honnête homme, bien qu'il soit pauvre. Ce n'est pas que je croie un mot de ce qu'il dit. Make haste, for fear the hour be past. Il l'aura, moyennant qu'il en paye la valeur. Not that I should pretend to it. Plût à Dieu que les hommes entendissent leurs vrais intérêts! Would to God that men understood their own interests! Il faut un autre gouvernement, pour que j'aille dans ce pays-là. Before I go to that country, there must be another government. Il le fera, pour peu que vous lui en parliez. He will do it, if you speak ever so little to him about it Ils travailleront, pourvu qu'on les paye bien. |