Physiology of Speech Production: An Introduction for Speech Scientists

abdominal afferent alveolar anatomical antagonist articulation articulatory parameters arytenoid cartilages arytenoideus axon cavity central groove complex configuration contraction cranial nerves cricoarytenoideus cricothyroideus depressor diaphragma digastricus elevators externus extrinsic Facial seventh cranial feedback fibres course fibres insert frequency fricatives gamma genioglossus geniohyoideus grooved fricative hyoglossus hyoid bone important impulses infrahyoid Innervation intercostales interni intercostales interni muscle interdigitate intrafusal fibres intrinsic muscles larynx lateral levator lingual longitudinalis inferior longitudinalis superior lower lip mandible mandibular mechanisms medial membrane motoneurones motor units mouth movement muscle fibres muscle is probably muscle spindles musculature mylohyoideus nasal nerve fibres neural neurones obliquus oral orbicularis oris Origin palate palatoglossus pharynx phonetic physiological pressure primary ending protagonist pterygoideus pterygoideus internus receptors ribs Section sensory speech production sternohyoideus sternum styloglossus suprahyoid muscles surface synaptic synergistically tactile tension thyroid cartilage tion tip-blade tongue body transversus upper upwards velum verticalis vibration vocal cords vowels zygomaticus major