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strict their credit; and even tea and according to Fiji custom, one-eighth or square-bottle gin are, it is said, becoming one-nin th. scarce along the coasts. A settler in As we have said, Sea-Island cotton has hitherto been the staple product of Fiji. Of late, however, sugar-cane, which the natives have long grown successfully, has been systematically cultivated. Peo

mate and soil were favourable; but sugar, unlike cotton, requires considerable capital to work to advantage, and capital does not lose its characteristic timidity even in the South Seas. It is plain that the Fiji sugar, if successfully grown and manu factured, will at any rate have a good chance of commanding the New Zealand market, Auckland being only 1,100 miles from Levuka. Fiji tobacco also ought in these days of dearth in cigars to attract attention. The leaf grown from the best Cuban seed is said to be equal in every respect to the finest in the Antilles. It might perhaps be worth the while of some Cubans who are settling in Jamaica to see whether even a better field is not offered here.

Fiji who cannot supply every chance guest with gin at discretion must, indeed, feel himself in a bad way. But this depression, of course, is merely temporary. In the face of it, and of the bad and un-ple have long been aware that both clicertain government which has now come to an end, the imports into the group for the year 1873 considerably exceeded in value £100,000. And in spite of the hardships, difficulties, dangers, and disappointments which fall to his share, the life of a settler, whether a planter or a trader, is a pleasant one. The climate itself is delightful to all who can stand a high temperature, and from April to December a journey amongst the islands is little more than an agreeable excursion. Formerly terrible risks were run in open boats, but the loss of many lives has taught caution in this respect. Nowadays during the cotton season it would be difficult to see a prettier sight than Levuka harbour crowded with little yachts and steam-launches. Levuka itself has, As it is clear that the white men canas the Americans say, become quite a not be turned out of the group, it is cerplace. Apart, too, from the enjoyment tainly well that they should be placed which may be derived from visiting the under a form of government which can other islands during the slack time, the really exercise control over them. Thamanagement of a plantation is itself in- kombau's late Ministers, with one or two teresting. The planter who possesses an exceptions, were thoroughly distrusted island of his own is, of course, particu- by every white man in the Fiji Islands. larly favored. He has no one to look Their dictatorial behaviour and wholesale after but his own labourers, and, provided extravagance only made people inquire he can keep them in proper order, he has the more closely into their previous hislittle to think of beyond the improvement tory. Messrs. Woods, Swanston, Burt, of his fields and the perfecting of his and "Sir" Charles St. Julian were, to say cotton-ginning establishment. On the the least, not capable of dealing with the larger islands, however, account has to present state of affairs; and Mr. Thursbe taken of the natives, who sometimes ton's want of tact and incapacity for coninterfere most unpleasantly where they trolling his colleagues quite neutralized think they have been wronged. Perhaps his ability. If strong ground is taken there is little reason to wonder that from the first and a proper system troubles have arisen, when it is remem- adopted alike for whites, natives, and imbered that the white men claim one-sixth ported labourers, there is every reason to of the whole arable land in the group. believe that the Fiji Islands will become They have probably purchased rightly, a valuable addition to the British Empire.

ABSENCE OF ITALIAN CHEMISTS. At a congress of Italian savants, which held a recent sitting at Rome, a meeting of the Chemical Section, under the presidency of Professor Cannizzaro, undertook a discussion on the rarity of original chemical research in Italy, and on its causes. The Section was of opinion that to awaken activity in this department it is desirable that the profession of chemistry

should offer to students a career analogous to that presented by engineering or by medicine. To this the "Chemical News" adds: “A similar complaint and a similar suggestion might be made in England, with the additional complaint that engineers and medical men are continually encroaching upon the sphere of the professional chemist."

Fifth Series,
Volume VI.

} No. 1564.-May 30, 1874.

From Beginning,
Vol. CXXI.

CONTENTS.

I. DR. SCHLIEMANN'S TROJAN ANTIQUITIES, . Edinburgh Review,
II. FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD. By
Thomas Hardy, author of "Under the
Greenwood Tree," "A Pair of Blue Eyes,"
etc. Part VI.,

III. SIR PETER LELY,

IV. THE STORY OF

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V. THE FIJI ISLANDS. II. - The Natives,
VI. THE DOMESDAY BOOK OF SCOTLAND,
VII. THE HISTORY OF POPULAR VOTING IN
SWITZERLAND,

THE THOUGHT OF HER,

MISCELLANY,

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Pall Mall Gazette,

PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY BY
LITTELL & GAY,

BOSTON.

TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.

For EIGHT DOLLARS, remitted directly to the Publishers, the LIVING AGE will be punctually forwarded for a year, free of postage. But we do not prepay postage on less than a year, nor when we have to pay commission for forwarding the money; nor when we club the LIVING Age with another periodical.

An extra copy of THE LIVING AGE is sent gratis to any one getting up a club of Five New Subscribers. Remittances should be made by bank draft or check, or by post-office money-order, if possible. If neither of these can be procured, the money should be sent in a registered letter. All postmasters are obliged to register letters when requested to do so. Drafts, checks and money-orders should be made payable to the order of LITTELL & GAY.

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memnon and Achilles as no less historical personages than Godfrey of Bouillon or Edward the Black Prince, had almost entirely passed away; and while many scholars were still content to believe that there must remain a substratum of fact underlying this accumulated mass of legend and fiction, others insisted on resolving the whole into those hazy mists of mythology, in which the bewildered inquirer gropes in vain for any glimpse of truth or reality. To be told, therefore, that the results of actual excavations upon the spot had not only proved the real existence of Troy, but the substantial truth of the Trojan War, and revealed objects of great intrinsic value, which could be assigned without hesitation to the period of that event, and might be reasonably believed to have belonged to the aged Priam himself, and been worn or handled by his sons and daughters, was indeed an assertion calculated to arouse the scepticism of more critical scholars, while those who still clung to the ancient legend would be apt to feel that it was too good news to be true.

MUCH curiosity was excited, towards the close of last summer, by the announcement, which appeared first in the German newspapers, but soon found its way into those of this country alsothat a German savant, who was known to have been engaged for a considerable time past in researches on the plain of Troy, had not only determined beyond a doubt the site of that far-famed city, but had brought to light the very palace of King Priam himself, and, what was more, had found upon the site a large portion of the treasures in gold and silver that had once belonged to the Trojan monarch, and which the Greek invaders, as it appeared, had omitted to carry off. Such a discovery was indeed calculated to arouse the attention, not only of archæologists and scholars, but of every cultivated person in the three kingdoms; but who is there that can pretend to that title, to whom the names of Priam and Hecuba, of Hector and Andromache, are not as familiar as household words? Great as For some time no definite information was the interest attached to such marvel-on the subject was received; and it was lous discoveries as those at Nineveh, not till the publication of an article in the which may be said to have brought to "Revue des Deux Mondes" of January light again the existence of a buried em- last, by M. Emile Burnouf, the learned pire, they were deficient in that highest director of the French school at Athens; source of interest which is derived from and of one by Mr. Max Müller in "The the association and connection with per- Academy," almost exactly at the same sons well known in history, or in that time, that scholars and archæologists in poetical and legendary story, which is this country had any means of forming a apt to impress itself more strongly on the judgment for themselves of the real value mind than any true history. and nature of the discoveries in question. Since then Dr. Schliemann's own work has appeared, containing not only a minute and detailed account of the whole course and progress of his excavations, but illustrated with photographic representations of all the objects of interest discovered in the course of them, as well as with plans of the excavations and the ruins brought to light, which supply the fullest information concerning all the circumstances of this extraordinary trouvaille. Whatever opinion we may form as to the scientific and historical results of Dr. Schliemann's discoveries, and however we may feel disposed to dissent from

At the same time this very circumstance was one of the causes which led to this first announcement being received with some incredulity as well as astonishment. The old undoubting faith of former days, which had received the Trojan War as an event as historical and unquestionable as the Crusades, and had looked on Aga

1. Trojanische Alterthümer. Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Troja. Von Dr. HEINRICH SchlieMANN. 8vo. Leipzig: 1874.

2. Atlas Trojanischer Alterthümer. Photographische Abbildungen zu dem Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Troja. Von Dr. HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN. 4to. (218 Photographic Plates with Descriptive Text.) 1874.

some of his conclusions - tinctured as | Ilium, that when Xerxes was about to they are with an enthusiasm natural conduct his mighty host of barbarians enough under the circumstances there across the Hellespont, he went up to the can be but one opinion as to the gratitude" Pergamus of Priam" (as it is called by we owe him for the unwearied zeal with Herodotus), and sacrificed a thousand which he prosecuted his labours, at a very oxen to the Ilian Athena.* His example heavy expense, during a period of nearly was followed, a century and a half later, two years, on the supposed site of Troy; by Alexander, who not only went up to as well as for the candid and complete the citadel and offered sacrifices to the manner in which he has communicated tutelary goddess, but dedicated there his the results of those labours to the public, own suit of armour, and took down in reand afforded them the amplest means of turn some of the arms preserved in the drawing their own conclusions from the temple, which, according to the popular materials thus placed at their disposal. belief, had belonged to one or other of Our object in the following pages will be the heroes that had fought in the Troto make our readers acquainted with the jan War. After the death of Alexander, facts connected with these very remark- the city of Ilium, which had hitherto able discoveries, and to point out their been a poor and decayed place, notwithbearing on the immediate questions con- standing its historical celebrity, was renected with the site of Troy, while we stored, enlarged, and fortified anew by must content ourself with briefly hinting Lysimachus, and continued through sevat some of the other subjects of archæo-eral centuries, first under the kings of logical interest on which they are calculated to throw a new and unexpected light.

Pergamus, afterwards under the Roman dominion, to be a flourishing and populous town. That it should continue throughout this period to enjoy the character of representing the Homeric city, is no more than was to be expected, and must be admitted to prove nothing, as such a traditional belief, when once established, will almost always continue unchanged.

But before we proceed to follow the progress of Dr. Schliemann's excavations, it will be necessary to advert briefly to the topography of the surrounding localities, and to the causes that determined him to devote his attention especially to the particular spot where his researches have been productive of such remarkable It was not, indeed, universally adopted. results. All our readers are probably The "still, small voice," of criticism was aware that the topography of the plain of raised against it, though with little effect, Troy, and the true site of that famous by a certain Demetrius, a native of Scepcity, have been in modern times the sub-sis, a small town in the Troad, who was a ject of much controversy. No doubt ex- contemporary of Aristarchus, and deisted, indeed, as to the position assigned voted himself to the study of the Hoto it by the concurrent voice of ancient meric poems with so much zeal that he tradition. Throughout the historical pe- composed a work, extending to not less riod of Greek literature-from the Per- than thirty books, devoted entirely to a sian War to the Roman Empire - there commentary on the Homeric catalogue existed on a hill about two miles from the of the Trojans and their allies. His shore of the Hellespont, a town, which opinions, however, appear to have met still bore the celebrated name of Ilium, with very little assent in antiquity, and and which was generally believed to occu- had it not been for their mention by py the site of the city of Priam. A tem- Strabo, who himself adopted his concluple dedicated to Pallas Athena, who fig- sions, we should have remained in total ures so prominently in the Iliad as the ignorance of the blow thus aimed at "the tutelary goddess of Troy, still crowned mythical legitimacy of Ilium." The diffithe heights of its acropolis; and so strong was the belief in the identity of the city thus subsisting with the Homeric

Herodotus, lib. vii. c. 43.

† Arrian, "Anab." lib. i. c. II.

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