the daughter of the Italian prince."-GIBBON. Nuptial is not in use now, though it formerly was. Nuptials is the proper word. Such words as connexity, introitive, fixtious, are barbarisms. 2. "I got a little scary, and a good deal mad." Here scary is improperly used for frightened. 3. "His hauteur was intolerable." Here the French word hauteur is improperly used for the English word haughtiness. 4. Foreign phrases and foreign idioms, instead of English phrases and idioms, are barbarisms. When, however, we receive from a foreign nation an invention or discovery for which we have no term, we can then be justified in receiving the name along with the thing. In this way we introduce into the language such words as gong, gutta percha. SOLECISM. § 547. The violation of any of the rules of syntax is a SOLEThe following are specimens: CISM. 1. "The zeal of the seraphim breaks forth in a becoming warmth of sentiments and expressions, as the character which is given us of him denotes that generous scorn and intrepidity which attends heroic virtue."-Spectator. The solecism here consists in using a plural noun for a singular. 2. "The vice of covetousness is what enters deepest into the soul of any other." The solecism here consists in using the superlative for the comparative. It should be, "The vice of covetousness is what enters deeper into the soul than any other." 3. "There is one that will think himself obliged to double his kindness and caresses of me." Kindness ought not to be followed by of. IMPROPRIETY. § 548. IMPROPRIETY is an offense against Lexicography, as Barbarism is an offense against Etymology, and as Solecism is one against Syntax. 1. "There is no sort of joy more grateful to the mind of man than that which ariseth from the invention of truth." For invention, discovery should have been used. 2. "To make such acquirements as fit them for useful avo cations." The impropriety here consists in using the word avocations for vocations. By the latter is meant a "trade," or "profession," or "calling;" by the former, whatever withdraws or diverts us from that business. 3. "The learned well bred, and the well bred sincere ; Humanly is here improperly used for humanely. Less 4. "No man had ever less friends and more enemies." refers to quantity, fewer to number. It should be "fewer friends." EXERCISES UNDER PART VI. SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS. $549. By SYNTACTICAL ANALYSIS is meant that process by which the Syntactical Forms are distinguished and exhibited in accordance with the preceding syntactical rules. EXAMPLES. 1. Virtue rewards her followers. This is a simple sentence. Virtue is the subject; rewards is the predicate; followers is the object, which enlarges the predicate. VIRTUE is a common abstract noun, of the third person, singular number, usually of the neuter gender, but here personified in the feminine gender. It is both the grammatical subject and the logical of the verb rewards; is in the nominative case. (Rule I. A noun used, etc.) REWARDS is a verb of the weak conjugation, usually called regular, in the active voice, indicative mode, present tense, third person, singular number, and agrees with its subject nominative virtue. (Rule XXIV. A verb agrees, etc.) HER is a personal pronoun, in the genitive case, and limits followers. (Rule II. A noun (or a pronoun) used to limit, etc.) FOLLOWERS is a common noun (correlative with leader), in the third person, singular number, neuter gender, in the objective case, and governed by the transitive verb rewards. (Rule III. A noun depending, etc.) 2. He labored faithfully in the cause, and he was successful. This is a compound sentence, and contains two co-ordinate sentences. He is the subject of the first sentence; labored is the predicate, which is enlarged by faithfully. He is the subject of the second sentence; successful is the predicate, taken with the copulative verb was. He is a personal pronoun, of the third person, masculine gender, of the singular number, in the nominative case. (Rule I. A noun used, etc.) LABORED is a verb of the weak conjugation, in the active voice, indicative mode, past tense, third person, singular number, and agrees with its subject he. (Rule XXIV. (Rule XXIV. A verb agrees, etc.) FAITHFULLY is an adverb, from the adjective faithful, and enters into combination with the verb labored. (Rule XXXVIII. Adverbs modify, etc.) In is a preposition, showing the relation between cause and labored. (Rule XXXIX. Prepositions.) THE is the definite article, and defines cause. (Rule IX. The article the, etc.) CAUSE is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, in the objective case, and governed by in. (Rule XXXIX. Prepositions.) AND is a copulative conjunction, connecting two propositions. (Rule XL. Conjunctions, etc.) HE as before, and is nominative to was. (Rule I. A noun used, etc.) WAS is a verb, from the substantive verb am, was, been. It is in the indicative mode, past tense, third person, singular number, and agrees with its subject nominative. (Rule XXIV. A verb agrees, etc.) SUCCESSFUL is an adjective of the positive degree, and is the predicate after was. (Rule V., note I. Adjectives are used in two ways, etc.) 3. Foul craven! exclaimed Ivanhoe; does he blench from the helm when the wind blows highest? This contains a declarative sentence, an interrogative sentence, and an adverbial sentence. The last two constitute a compound sentence (complex), of which the last is subordinate to the other. FOUL is an adjective in the positive degree, and belongs to craven. (Rule V. Adjectives, etc.) CRAVEN is a common noun, and is here a part of an exclamation. (Rule I., note IV. A noun in the nominative, etc.) EXCLAIMED is a verb in the past tense, in the active voice, from the transitive modern verb exclaim, and agrees with its subject nominative Ivanhoe. (Rule XXIV. A verb, etc.) IVANHOE is a proper noun, in the third person, singular number, and is nominative to exclaimed, according to Rule I. DOES BLENCH is a verb in the interrogative form, from the modern or weak verb blench, in the indicative mode, present tense, third person, singular number, according to Rule XXIV. A verb, etc. He is a personal pronoun, in the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative to does blench. (Rule I. A noun used, etc.) FROM is a preposition, and expresses the relation between blench and helm. (Rule XXIX. Prepositions, etc.) HELM is a common noun, in the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and is governed by the preposition from. (Rule III., note IV.) WHEN is an adverb of time, and modifies the verb blows. (Rule XXXVIII. Adverbs modify, etc.) THE is the definite article, and limits the noun wind. (Rule VIII. The article, etc.) BLOWS is a verb, from the ancient verb blow, blew, blown. It is in the indicative mode, present tense, third person, singular number, and agrees with its subject nominative wind. (Rule XXIV. A verb agrees, etc.) HIGHEST is an adjective in the superlative degree, and is a predicate with the verb blows. (Rule XXIX. The substantive verb, etc.) 4. High on a throne of royal state, which far Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Bad eminence.-MILTON. This period is a compound sentence, composed of as many sentences as there are verbs. The principal sentence, in which the others are included, is a declarative sentence. The subordinate sentences are, the first, an adjective sentence; the sec ond, an adverbial sentence. HIGH is an adjective in the positive degree, and qualifies Satan, some would say, but in reality comes after sat in construction, to make a part of the predicate. (Rule XXIX., note.) ON is a preposition, showing the relation between sat and throne, and governing throne. (Rule XXXIX. Prepositions, etc.) A is an indefinite article, used according to Rule VIII. The article, etc. THRONE is a common noun, in the singular number, neuter gender, in the objective case, and governed by the preposition on. (Rule II., note IV. A noun depending, etc.) Or is a preposition, showing the relation between throne and state, and governs state. (Rule XXXIX. Prepositions, etc.) ROYAL is an adjective, and qualifies state. (Rule V. Adjectives, etc.) STATE is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, objective case, neuter gender, and is governed by of. (Rule II. A noun, etc.) Let the pupil finish the analysis. PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES IN CORRECT SYNTAX FOR $550. The LEARNER is expected to ANALYZE all or a part of the following examples, and particularly to give the rules for the words in Italics: 1. "His power and the number of his adherents declining daily, he consented to a partition of the kingdom.”—North American Review. 2. "The fire-places were of a truly patriarchal magnitude, where the whole family, old and young, master and servant, black and white, nay, even the very cat and dog, enjoyed a community of privilege, and had each a prescriptive right to a corner."-W. IRVING. 3. "On, then, all Frenchmen that have hearts in their bodies!"-CARLisle. 4. "The Bastile is still to take to be taken." 5. "Oh! that I could but baptize every heart with the sym |