occasionally as inflammation comes on it should be applied cold, to test the comfort. It will be found that sometimes warmth is most soothing, at others the application of cold water is most grateful to the patient, and in all these cases the feelings of the patient may be consulted, and that application used which he finds most soothing and most grateful to his feelings. Some cooling aperient should be given if the bowels are confined and the appetite indifferent ; this may consist of a little citrate of magnesia or a teaspoonful of some other aperient saline in warm water. If suppuration arises—that is, if pus or matter forms in the wound-a poultice of bread and water or of linseed meal may be applied with advantage, but these must be made in a proper manner and not in the way in which I occasionally see them done, even in clever people's houses. Skill is required in making a poultice, as well as in every other simple work. The best method of making poultices will be described when discussing the treatment of abscesses. The position of a wounded part should always be such as is most comfortable to the patient. It is a serious error to place it so as to be irksome. Ease should be studied, provided that ease is natural. If it is only found in an unnatural position it is wrong and must be fought against, and in the course of time the unnatural position will be overcome and ease found in a more satisfactory state. When ease is obtained in a position which is unnatural there is mischief going on somehow which must be obviated. Lacerated wounds are sometimes followed by lockjaw or tetanus, as it is surgically called. It is an affection of the spinal cord, which is produced by reflex action proceeding from the nerve which has been lacerated, reacting upon the spinal nervous system. There is a stiffness about the jaws and neck, which is slight at first but slowly increasing in intensity, and ultimately the muscles which move the jaws are no longer able to act; they become fixed and rigid, so that the jaws can neither be opened nor closed, and tetanus is established. It is generally fatal. There is a form of tetanus which arises from other causes, such as poisoning by strychnine, but this latter. differs from traumatic tetanus, or that which is due to a wound. In the one case the invasion is sudden, in the other it comes on gradually and of course after a punctured or contused wound has been known to have been received. In lockjaw connected with wounds the mischief is restricted at first to the stiffness in the jaws, but in poisoning by strychnine it almost immediately invades other muscles in the neck and back. It is requisite to keep this distinction in mind, and not let strychnine poisoning be mistaken for lockjaw. Lacerated wounds seldom bleed much, unless an artery has been torn. They are sometimes followed by erysipelas, the course to be followed in such cases will be mentioned when treating of the latter disease.

Punctured Wounds are often more serious even than lacerated wounds, especially when made with a narrow pointed instrument, such as a rusty nail. The thrust of a penknife or one blade of a pair of scissors may go a considerable depth, whilst the external wound may be quite small. In a stab the danger always depends upon the injury which the fibres have suffered from laceration as well as from the cutting surface of the instrument. The puncture may have passed through an artery, or a vein without dividing it, and the surgeons aid must be quickly obtained; in the meantime, it is prudent to keep the wounded part at rest as much as

possible and if any application is used let it be carbolised oil poured into the wounded part and the air kept from it, whilst if there is hæmorrhage it may be restrained by gentle pressure upon the wounded part until the surgeon arrives. Suppuration will take place in these cases, and that as well as the constitutional disturbance is to be met as is suggested in the case of a lacerated wound, and we must guard against the violent inflammation which often supervenes.

Poisoned Wounds are of several kinds, such as those produced by the stings of bees, wasps, and hornets, and the bites of vipers and other snakes; the absorption of poison from metallic applications and those which follow upon the absorption of animal poisons, such as comes from the decomposing flesh of animals, and the so-called dissection wounds, which boys will get sometimes from their curiosity in investigating the nature of decomposing animal remains; and, lastly, dog and cat bites, which are very uncomfortable, and frequently most painful. The stings of bees, wasps, hornets, and other insects are best met by applying at once to the injured part some alkali or alkaline earth, which shall neutralise the acid of the sting. The old woman's application of the blue bag is founded upon good chemical action, for the chalk in the blue neutralizes the acid at once, if it be applied immediately. A little sal-volatile in water, one part in three, may be useful if put on immediately, but it is not of any use to apply ammonia in any form, unless at or immediately after the moment at which the bite is inflicted. If any inflammation has come on, the application of sal-volatile or the ammonia salt will increase it, doing harm instead of good, and possibly setting up erysipelas or some other inflammatory action. Every wasp or bee destroys itself by leaving the sting in the flesh of the injured part. This must be extracted by means of a fine pair of tweezers or forceps. The resulting inflammation may be kept down by the application of a cold lotion, or dusting it over with violet powder or simple chalk, and avoiding irritating applications of all kinds, and also keeping it from the effects of the sun-light, if it be a hot day.

Snake Bites in this country are limited to that of the adder. These bites are not usually fatal, unless the blood of the bitten person is in a very unhealthy state from excessive use of stimulants or too much animal food. There is generally faintness immediately after the bite has taken place. This faint condition should be counteracted by some sal-volatile or other diffusible stimulant, and the bitten part treated just as described for a wasp sting. The inflammation and swelling are sometimes very great, and there will be a strong desire on the part of the surgeon to use the knife, and to make free incisions to relieve the tension. I am satisfied from experience that this is wrong treat ment, and that every effort should be made to prevent the chance of suppuration, which incision increases. There will be no formation of pus, except under the most exceptional circumstances, and there will be no ultimate danger if suppuration does not arise. Keep the swollen part warm, and avoid pressure. It will be found to subside in a day or two without leaving any mischief behind it. Nitrate of silver is sometimes applied to stay the resulting erythema. This is bad practice.

Wounds which have been poisoned by decomposing animal matter belong to a different category. These are followed by inflammation of the veins and absor

bents of the part, and quickly extend to the whole of the system. Pyæmia results. In the case of an adderbite the mischief is restricted to the cellular tissue of the limb affected, and the action of snake-bite is probably chemical. The resulting inflammation does not reproduce its like, but in the dissection wound there is a manufacture of material in the body of a similar kind. The morbid matter is reproduced in quantity, and is capable of reproducing similar mischief in other people. The pain follows the course of the veins and absorbents. There is much constitutional disturbance, and the assistance of the surgeon must be obtained as soon as possible.

(To be continued.)

Eminent Practical Teachers.

PESTALOZZI.

BY THE REV. CANON WARBURTON, M. A., Her Majesty's Inspector of Training Colleges for Schoolmistresses.

III.

WE next hear of Pestalozzi at Burgdorf, first in the

somewhat unexpected position of assistant to the mistress of the infant department of the 'primary schools' in that town; and a year later, with three partners, in charge of what we should call a 'proprietary school.'

The

This was in the winter of 1800, and in the following year Pestalozzi published his third celebrated book, entitled 'How Gertrude Teaches her Children.' title of the book is misleading, for it contains little or nothing specially adapted for the guidance of mothers, and plunges at once into the polemics and the philosophy of education. Nor is the only inconsistency to be found in the title-page. More will be told about this in the next number, in which some account will be given of Pestalozzi's system; but it has been truly said of the volume in question, that it contains educational principles of the highest value and importance, side by side with the most glaring blunders and inconsistencies, and has to be constantly corrected by the common sense of the reader.'

But to return to Pestalozzi's work as a schoolmaster at Burgdorf. John Ramsauer, who at the age of ten became one of his pupils there, has given a vivid account of his experiences in the institution, from which the following extracts are taken.

'I got about as much regular schooling as the others, namely, none at all, but our master's sacred zeal, his devoted love which made him entirely unmindful of himself, his depressed and anxious state of mind which even struck us children, made the deepest impression on me, and knit my childlike and grateful heart to him for ever.

'The instruction which we received was limited to drawing, cyphering, and exercises in language. We neither read, nor wrote, nor committed to memory Take as a specimen of an "Exercise in language, drawn from natural history:"-he would say, and we had to repeat the words after him, while our eyes were fixed on our drawing, "amphibious animals-crawling amphibious animals-creeping amphibious animalsmonkeys, long-tailed monkeys, short-tailed monkeys," and so on.

We did not understand a word of

this, for not a word was explained, and it was all spoken in such a sing-song tone and so rapidly and indistinctly that it would have been surprising if any one had understood anything of it: besides, Pestalozzi cried out so dreadfully loud, and so incessantly, that he could not hear us repeat after him; our repetition consisted mainly in saying the last word or syllable of each phrase, thus "monkeys-monkeys, or 'keys, 'keys." There was never any questioning, or any recapitulation. 'As Pestalozzi in his zeal did not tie himself to any particular time, we generally went on till eleven o'clock with whatever he had commenced at eight, and by ten o'clock he was always tired and hoarse. We knew when it was eleven by the noise of other schoolchildren in the street, and then we all ran off without bidding him good-bye.

The first time that I was taken into Pestalozzi's school he cordially welcomed and kissed me. He then quickly assigned me a place, and the whole morning did not speak another word to me, but kept on reading out sentences without pausing for a moment. As I did not understand a bit of what was going on, when I heard the word "monkey," "monkey," come every time at the end of a sentence, and as Pestalozzi, who was very ugly, ran about the room as if he was wild, without a coat, and without a neckloth, his long shirt-sleeves hanging down over his hands, which swung negligently about, I was seized with real terror, and might soon have believed that he himself was a monkey. During the first few days, too, I was all the more afraid of him, because he had, on my arrival, given me a kiss with his strong prickly beard, the first kiss which I remember having received in my life.'

We may be inclined to smile at this only too graphic picture of the oddities of Pestalozzi, but it is given with perfect simplicity by Ramsauer, whose heart had been completely won by the kindness, and whose respect by the nobility of character of the great teacher. Meanwhile the fame of the institution grew rapidly; numbers of visitors came from all parts of Switzerland to witness the practical working out of the principles enunciated in 'How Gertrude Teaches her Children,' and at the end of three years the school's utility and success were so generally acknowledged that, though conducted as a private adventure, it began to receive small grants from the public funds. But once more Pestalozzi's evil star prevailed; the Directional Government of Switzerland was dissolved by Napoleon and the old constitution of the Cantons restored. The new Bernese administration fixed on Burgdorf Castle for local head-quarters, and the school had to clear out of it on the 22nd of August, 1804. Pestalozzi attended as one of a deputation to Paris elected to represent to the First Consul' the 'wants of Helvetia,' but his educational projects altogether failed to attract the interest of Napoleon, who flatly told the discomfitted enthusiast that 'he was not going to mix himself up with the teaching of the ABC.' Another member of the mission was the celebrated educationist Fellenberg, who four years before had founded his well-known school at Hofwyl. When the Bernese authorities turned Pestalozzi out of Burgdorf Castle, they gave up to him the monastery of Buchsee, adjoining which was Fellenberg's estate of Hofwyl, and to him, 'Not indeed without my consent,' says Pestalozzi, 'but to my intense mortification was handed over the general direction of my school.'

Fellenberg possessed in an eminent degree what Pestalozzi so grievously lacked-namely, practical administrative ability. But when, in 1840, this school at Hofwyl was visited by Sir James Kay-Shuttleworthan honoured name in the history of English Education -Fellenberg admitted that he owed everything to Pestalozzi. In the former the intellect prevailed, in the latter the feelings under Fellenberg better order was maintained, but love was missing. His hand was found to be too heavy, and Pestalozzi, receiving an urgent invitation from the inhabitants of Yverdun in the Canton of Vaud, migrated thither in 1805 with his school and staff, 'for the teachers,' he tells us, 'found the government of Fellenberg far more distasteful than the want of government under me.'

Pestalozzi was now, at the age of fifty-nine, at the height of his reputation. Yverdun soon came to be recognized as a European training school for teachers. 'Pestalozzian schools' were established at Naples, Madrid, and St. Petersburg. In our own island the well-known educational reformers Bell and Lancaster had adopted many features of his system, and many philosophic writers saw in Pestalozzi and his labours 'the commencement of the renovation of humanity.'

But with all this, the migration to Yverdun marks the commencement of the period of Pestalozzi's greatest unhappiness. The institution,' he tells us, bore within itself the seeds of its own internal decay in the unequal and contradictory character of the abilities, opinions, inclinations, and claims of its members.' But for the present all seemed bright. One hundred and thirty-seven pupils, of ages varying from six to seventeen, lived in the institution, and twenty-eight lodged in the town, making 165 pupils in all. Among them there were seventy-eight Swiss, the rest were Germans, French, Russians, Italians, Spaniards, and Americans. Fifteen teachers resided in the buildings, nine of whom were Swiss and had been educated under Pestalozzi's eye. A visitor to Yverdun thus describes the externa's of the institution :

'The situation of the old castle, with its four great towers enclosing a courtyard, is extremely beautiful. A vast meadow lies between it and the glorious Lake of Neufchatel, on the west side of which rises the Jura Range covered with vineyards. We met a multitude of boys, who conducted us to Pestalozzi. His dress was the extreme of untidiness. He had on a threadbare old gray overcoat, no waistcoat, and a pair of breeches, and his stockings hanging down over his slippers, his coarse, bushy, black hair unkempt and frightful. His forehead was deeply wrinkled, his dark brown eyes now soft and tender, now full of fire. You hardly noticed that the old man so kindly and genial, was ugly; you read in his singular features long-continued suffering and great hopes.' Its internal condition is thus described by Pestalozzi himself, but it is to be feared-and indeed he subsequently admitted the fact himself that he saw things through rose-coloured spectacles, and as he would have wished to have them rather than as they were. A pure paternal and fraternal feeling everywhere shines forth. The children feel themselves free, and their activity finds a powerful charm in their employments. The life in the house is to a rare extent a school for cultivating domestic affection and domestic unity. The disposition of the great body of our inmates is good: a spirit of strength, of repose, and of endeavour rests on the whole. Some pupils evince an angelic disposi

tion, full of love, and of a presentiment of higher thoughts and of a higher existence. The bad ones do not feel themselves comfortable in the midst of our life and labour; on the other hand, every spark of good and noble feeling which still glimmers even in the bad ones is encouraged and developed. The children are neither hardened by punishment nor made vain and superficial by rewards. Their feelings are not lightly wounded; the weak are not made to compare themselves with the strong, but with themselves. We never ask a pupil if he can do what another can, we only ask him if he can do a thing, but we always ask him if he can do it perfectly. We live altogether united in brotherly love, free and cheerful, and are, in respect of that which we acknowledge as the one thing needful, one heart and one soul.' It may be well to set side by side with this report (in which is to be feared that the indicative is sometimes used instead of the optative mood) some passages from the dispassionate report of the five commissioners sent down by the Swiss Diet at Freiburg to examine the school. This institution in no way aims at coming into perfect connection with our establishments for public instruction. Determined at any price to interest all the faculties of children in order to direct their development according to its own principles, it has taken counsel of its own views only, and betrays an irresistible desire to open for itself new paths, even at the cost of never treading in those which usage has now established. This was perhaps the best way for arriving at useful discoveries, but it is also a design which renders harmony impossible. The institution pursues its own way, the public schools pursue theirs, and there is no probability that both ways will soon meet. It is to be regretted that the "force of circumstances" has always driven M. Pestalozzi beyond the career which his pure zeal and fervent charity had marked out for him. Let us profit by the excellent ideas which lie at the foundation of the whole undertaking, but let us also lament that an adverse fate must hang over a man who by "the force of circumstances" is constantly hindered from doing what he would wish to do.'

The publication of this report was followed by a long and embittered paper war, which brought great discredit on the institution by throwing light upon its weakest points. There can be little doubt that the extraordinary prosperity and reputation of the school had turned the heads of the teachers, producing, as Pestalozzi himself admits, 'an audacity of behaviour towards the whole world and towards everything done in education that was not cast in our own

mould.' Again, with such a medley of children collected from all parts of Europe, the institution had no mother tongue. Prayers were read every morning first in German and then in French. At the lessons in the German language, intended for German children, there were French children to whom every word spoken was unintelligible. Again, despite Pestalozzi's self-deceiving optimism, the life was as unlike homelife as it well could be, and the little boys especially had to endure much hard treatment and privation. But all these drawbacks sink into insignificance when compared with the bitter dissensions which existed between the subordinate teachers. The two most prominent members of the staff were Schmid and Niederer. Of the former, a Tyrolese shepherd-boy, who had joined him at Burgdorf, 'more rude and unkempt than his master, but with the eyes and beak of a

Even in the Zoological Gardens, where the greatest care is taken of the animals, and the keepers are uniformly kind and gentle, the bonnet monkey is apt to be mischievous.

A few days before writing these lines, I noticed that there were seven specimens of the bonnet monkey in the house, and asked the keeper how they behaved themselves. In answer to my question, he showed me his hand, which is disfigured by a large and deep scar on the thumb and wrist.

This scar was the result of an attack made upon him by a large bonnet monkey. He was employed in his usual work in the cage, when, without being provoked or giving notice of its intentions, the animal suddenly flew at him, and before it could be removed, inflicted such terrible bites on his hand and arm, that he had to be taken to a hospital, and remain there for three months.

The well-known Magot, or Barbary Ape (Macacus Innuus) belongs to this group, and is remarkable as being the only monkey found in a wild state in any part of Europe. Even these creatures are confined to a single locality, namely, the celebrated Rock of Gibraltar, where they were once found in considerable numbers. Year by year, however, the Rock apes, as they are called, diminish in number, and, before long, will probably be extinct.

It does not appear to be an indigenous inhabitant of that neighbourhood, but would appear to have been imported at some former period from Barbary, where it is very abundant.

There is, however, another theory, namely, that in former times Europe and Africa were united by an isthmus, of which the Rock of Gibraltar formed the European end. The isthmus was by degrees cut away by the sea, and the apes at the European end, being loth to leave their comfortable quarters in the rock, were at last severed from Africa by the waves.

The magot is a very wary and cautious animal, and takes up its abode in the most inaccessible parts of the rock, where its movements can scarcely be observed excepting by the aid of a powerful telescope. Banding together in large flocks, its very numbers render it secure from all enemies, excepting the climbing felidæ, which steal upon it during the hours of darkness, and strike down the bewildered animals before they are fairly aware of the presence of their foe.

The magot is regarded with great disfavour by the owners of cultivated lands in the vicinity of its haunts, for it is in the habit of making occasional raids upon the growing crops, conducting these foraging expeditions with so much wariness and caution, that it is very seldom detected by the outraged farmer. Although feeding chiefly upon leaves and fruits of various kinds, it does not by any means confine itself to a vegetable diet, preying largely upon scorpions and insects of various kinds. These it captures by turning over stones, logs, etc., under which many small creatures are in the habit of taking refuge, and snatching them quickly up before they have time to make their escape. The 'Rock apes' have little to feed upon except scorpions, and this may account for their diminution.

It might be thought that the poisonous properties which the scorpion possesses would be quite sufficient to render it secure from the paws of the monkey. Such is not the case, however, the magot invariably twisting off the poison-bearing tail as soon as it seizes

its victim, before the captive can find time to inflict a wound upon its pursuer.

While young, the disposition of the magot is docile and gentle, and it can be tamed without any great difficulty. But, as it increases in size, it almost invariably becomes harsh and sullen, just as do the apes under similar circumstances.

The magot is not a very large animal, its average size being about equal to that of an ordinary bullterrier dog. Notwithstanding the slenderness of limb, the muscular power is wonderfully great, as, indeed, is the case with almost all the animals of the monkey tribe. Even in captivity, where its powers are greatly decreased owing to the narrow space in which it is confined, quite a small monkey may often be seen shaking its whole cage violently to and fro, a feat which would appear remarkable in an animal of double the size.

Nearly all the monkey tribe are fond of mischief, but the magot is perhaps the worst of them all in this respect.

Once I was admiring the graceful attitudes of some magots, when I noticed a lady standing very near the bars of the cage, wearing a new and very conspicuous bonnet, with abundance of flowers, beads, etc., upon it. I pointed out to her a printed warning that the monkeys were mischievous, but as none of them were near, she took no heed of the warning.

Several of the magots were gambolling on some rockwork in the background, while another, the oldest and most mischievous of the monkeys, was sitting apparently asleep on a tree stump in the middle of the cage.

But he was as wide awake as any of us, and was only watching his opportunity. Just as the lady turned round to leave the spot, the monkey sprang from the stump to the cage, and in a moment snatched the bonnet off her head, sprang back to the stump, and there began to investigate his prize.

The bereaved owner shrieked and scolded, but the animal took no heed of her, and with a serious and grave aspect began to resolve the bonnet into its constituent parts. First, he tore off the crown with his teeth, and then pulled out the flowers. Next came the beads, which the monkey hung here and there on the branches. Then he ripped off the veil, and twisted it over his head in mantilla fashion.

This last feat entirely destroyed the gravity of the spectators. Up to that time we had been trying to get the bonnet back, even in its dilapidated condition. But the aspect of that monkey, looking with air of wistful wonder through the veil, was too much for any one to endure, and there was a roar of laughter at the spectacle.

Owing to the very rudimentary nature of the tail, the magot has been considered by many writers to belong to the baboons, while others have ranked it with the apes. It is only of comparatively late years, indeed, that its true position has been satisfactorily determined.

The Pig-tailed Macaque, or Bruh (Macacus nemestrinus), a native of Sumatra and the neighbouring islands, is often brought, while yet young, under the dominion of man, and employed in a rather remarkable manner. Being remarkably active, even for a monkey, and possessed, moreover, of a considerable share of intelligence, it is trained to climb the lofty cocoa-nut palms in order to gather the fruit, which it hurls down to its employers beneath. After a short