28. F. P. You must have copied your query incorrectly. Please repeat it. 29. THE MOLE.-A circular plate, whose radius is 20 inches, is movable about its centre C in a vertical plane; from two points A and B in the circumference, 90° apart, weights of 18 and 24 lbs. respectively are suspended by cords; find the distance of the lighter weight above or below the horizontal line through C when the plate is at rest. (Newth's 'Smaller Natural Philosophy.") 30. W. MUSCOTT.-By sailing round the globe in a general easterly course the sun will rise earlier each successive morning, as shown by a watch keeping Greenwich time. At the 180th meridian, or half-way, the difference will have gradually amounted to twelve hours. Thus far eastwards, however, the same name of the day of the week is retained, though these began twelve hours earlier than at Greenwich; but, beyond the 180th meridian when the second twelve hours' gain is entered upon, the whole day is considered to have lapsed, and Friday succeeds Wednesday. Thursday had no existence for US See Langler's Mathematical Geography. In a voyage westwards a day would for corresponding reasons have to be added. Publications Reviewed. We are sorry to disappoint the many friends who desire us to quote the price of each work noticed in our columns. This we would respectfully point out is the publishers' duty and not ours; we give publicity enough to a book when we review it. Our readers should peruse the advertisements in our pages, and failing to find the price here, it would be no great trouble or expense to drop a line to the publishers whose name and address we will gladly give. Magnetism and Electricity. By R. Wormell, D.Sc., M.A. Thomas Murby, 32, Bouverie Street, Fleet Street, E.C. FIRST NOTICE. If all the High School Series, of which the volume under review is one, are as excellent as Dr. Wormell's We have little treatise, their standard will be very high. had, if we may be permitted to say so, too little of Dr. Wormell of late. The demands upon the time of the head-master of a large school are great, and save to those who have made acquaintance with his book on 'Dynamics,' the head of the City of London Middle-class Schools is only known as an author by his 'Natural Philosophy.' This book bears traces of having been written up to certain plates, as Mr. Vincent Crummles required Nicholas Nickleby to write a play up to the practicable pump of which he was the happy possessor, and further shows but little indication of the remarkable clearness in explanation that distinguishes both the 'Dynamics' and the book now under consideration. Beginning, most wisely, with magnetism, Dr. Wormell treats the subject in ten lectures. These deal respectively with the following subjects:-I. Introduction, in which the properties, polarity, methods of preparation of magnets are considered. II. Magnetic Properties. III. Induction. IV. Curves of Force. V. Electro-magnetism. VI. Terrestrial Magnetism. VII. Strength of Magnets. VIII. Ship's Magnetism. IX. Diamagnetism, X. Molecular Changes. After the ten lectures follow a number of instructions as to simple experiments other than those already dealt with in the course of the lectures, and quite within the range of any boy of ordinary acuteness possessing the norinal number of fingers, a few definitions, and magnetic odds and ends that would, we venture to think, have been better incorporated in the main body of the book. Twelve lectures on Electricity follow. These he heads Introduction, Induction, Condensers, Capacity and Potential, Voltaic Cell, Galvanometers, Chemical Effects of the Currents, Resistances, Magnetoelectric_Induction, Electricity and Heat, Electric Telegraph, Recent Inventions. At the end of each lecture, a number of simple pieces of electrical apparatus are described as to their construction, as to their use, with the exception of lectures 4 and 10. The experiments and practical work having relation to lecture 5 are given in connection with those belonging to lecture 6. Some advanced experimental work follows, then, rather strangely, the index, and the volume closes, save for advertisements, with a series of examination questions on the two subjects whence it derives its title. We have analysed the contents of this book at some length, because the book is so excellent. For the same reason, we now point out what seem to us to be blemishes therein. (1) On p. 7, the derivation of 'loadstone' is open to question. Higher philological authorities than we can lay claim to be ascribe its name, not to its property of leading the mariner, but to its property of leading or drawing towards it iron bodies. So that in old times a knight clad in armour was in danger, if he approached a loadstone rock, of being drawn bodily, armour and all, towards it and held there, no matter what were his engagements. (2) On p. 8 Dr. Wormell adopts that which seems to us the best nomenclature for the two ends of a magnet-viz., the marked or north-seeking, and the unmarked or south-seeking end. But on p. 9 he begins to talk of 'north end' and 'south end,' and thus his re markable book, like all the others, must confuse the unhappy student. And confusion grows worse confounded when, on p. 57, we find the 'blue end' of the magnet appearing in ghostly and inexplicable fashion. (3) P. 10. It is not rendered clear to the student why, in the experiment described, the floating corks, needle-pierced, move towards the side when the 'south end' of the magnet (whatever that may be) is presented to them, whilst, when the 'north end of the magnet (whatever that may be) is brought near them they all move towards the centre. (4) On p. 11 the far more common name of 'consequent poles' might with advantage be given, as well as the rarer 'intermediate poles.' (5) On p. 21 Dr. Wormell discusses magnetic induction, and, we think, will succeed in confusing the mind of any boy who reads his book. Dr. Wormell, following that which we conceive to be the evil example of certain other able writers, uses the word 'Induction 'in a different sense in magnetism from that wherein he employs it in electricity. Thus, on p. 84, he gives the true definition of induction when he says that it is a 'method of producing electricity in a body' by 'the simple presence of an electrified body.' It is a method of causing redistribution of electricity in a body without actual contact between that body and the electrified one causing the change. Yet, in his experiments to illustrate magnetic induction, Dr. Wormell has pieces of soft iron touching the pole of the magnet. It will be attracted, supported, and converted into a magnet [surely the last should be first and the first last here] by induction,' writes Dr. Wormell. But surely the value of words ceases to be, altogether, if they are to be used thus loosely. Induction in magnetism is due to contact. Induction in electricity is due to action at a distance! (6) P. 25. The distinction between a keeper and an armature is not brought out. Indeed, they are represented as synonymous terms. An armature, however, is a piece of soft iron attached to one pole of a magnet. A keeper is a piece of soft iron connecting the two poles of a magnet. (7) Very rarely can we accuse Dr. Wormell of inaccuracy or looseness of phraseology. But on p. 38 we read, 'Lines of equal declination are sometimes called isogonic lines.' Lines joining places where the angles of declination are equal, etc.,' would read rightly. The last sentence on p. 38 that runs on to p. 40 (p. 39 contains a map), besides being quite Clarendonian as to its pronouns, is absolutely without meaning owing to the omission of a word. P. 64, line 9, we have the statement that the 'median line' of a magnet 'approaches nearer the opposite end' to that which is heated. How can a median line shift? (8) P.63. The expression, 'coercive force' is used. Nowhere in the book is it explained that this phrase means the power with which a magnet retains its magnetism. (9) P. 99. The free electricity, line 4 from the end, would surely be positive, not negative. (10) P. 114, line 5. Dr. Wormell does not say with which quadrants of the Thomson's electrometer the bodies to be tested are connected; a vital omission. (11) P. 120. A list is given of the proofs that a current is passing through a wire. Immediately afterwards these effects are studied in exactly the reverse order. Then the list ought to have been made out in the reverse order. (12) P. 133 (note). No explanation is given of the angle a. There is no intimation as to what angle it is. (13) P. 141. Surely Dr. Wormell knows that potash is not a binary compound "of the metal potassium and oxygen." It is a ternary compound of potassium, hydrogen, oxygen, of symbol KHO. (14) 157. Is it not a pity in a high-class book like this to even so much as refer to the Fahrenheit scale? The more rapidly that unhappy scale is relegated to the limbo of futilities the better. (15) P. 159. It might be as well for beginners to show that o009 (line 6) is the square of the 03 of line 3. (16) The terms inverse and direct current (p. 175) are used without a solitary word of explanation. (17) The commutator is referred to in lecture 9. No description of it occurs until after lecture 9 amongst the 'apparatus to be made.' (18) P. 191. It is very questionable whether young students will quite grasp the mathematical reasoning, simple as it is, at the end of this page. The steps might with advantage be simplified. (19). Finally, as conclusion of this disagreeable, thankless, and easy task of fault-finding, Dr. Wormell's numbers, re magnetism, differ greatly from Professor Guthrie's. How is the poor student to decide when doctors and professors disagree? Rapid Computation: a New Course of Mental Arithmetic. By J. Baines and J. J. Prince. London: Murby. These little manuals are adapted to the three first Standards of the New Code, and form a systematic and prac tical introduction to arithmetical science. It is often forgotten how very much arithmetical operations depend upon mental processes, and hence the pursuit of Mental Arithmetic has been often disconnected with ordinary arithmetical operations, and associated with such apt combinations as dozens with shillings and pence, and scores and tons, with pounds and shillings. Without undervaluing the latter processes, which almost every tradesman carries on with such astonishing celerity in his special business, as to leave the obfuscated purchaser merely able to make off with his change as meekly as possible, we need scarcely remark that the foundation for all expertness in computation is good systematic drilling in the elementary stages, and upwards. Nothing is lost in this being extensively carried out in the simple rules of Addition and Subtraction. But such exercises, unless in the hands of skilful teachers, are apt to become dry and unattractive. The use of Mr. Baines' lessons removes this objection by lively concrete examples in which interest is stimulated by the very mention of the common objects of daily life. 'What will 10 oranges cost at 2 a penny?' is much better than asking' How much is ten times two pence?' The little books before us begin with Exercises, with directions for their judicious use, and are followed by Recapitulatory Exercises, containing a capital variety of examples sure to excite and sustain attention. Cambridge Examiner and Oxford Examiner. London: E. Stanford. We have received several numbers of these monthlies. They contain model examination papers, designed, not only to lighten the work of the teacher, but to secure the success of the candidate. The venture is worthy of support, and has our best wishes. The Student's Algebra. By James Mackean, F.E.I.S. Royal School Series. T. Nelson and Sons. Like most of the works brought out by this firm, the printing and paper are excellent, the type used being very clear and readable, and the book being, as far as we could discover in a pretty thorough 'overhaul,' very free from errata and slips of any kind. Mr. James Mackean has in this work struck out a method of dealing with his subject differing in some important respects from that adopted in most text-books on the same theme. Instead of encumbering the path of the beginner with a small army of definitions, many of which he will not need at these early stages, and which only tend to discourage him, the author has, to use the words of his preface, deferred giving definitions till they are about to be used, and introduced Equations and Problems at the earliest possible stage, in order to interest beginners.' This plan is worked out in a very complete manner, and although we might take exception to the elaborate explanation given to facts which are common to both Arithmetic and Algebra, and which a student in Algebra might very well be assumed to understand from his prior acquaintance with Arithmetic, this is an error (if error it may be called) on the right side, and will tend to make the book more serviceable than usual to those learners who are obliged by circumstances to do without a teacher and to depend on 'private study.' Another noticeable feature, which will also prove a boon to the private student, is the large number of illustrative examples clearly and thoroughly worked-out before entering any fresh rule. The scope of the work, which is divided into two parts -Part I., Elementary, and Part II., more advanced-is such as to make it useful for preparation for most Examinations. The last five chapters of Part II. are on the Progressions, Indeterminate Equations, Permutations, etc., Binomial Theorem, Logarithms, and Interest. We give the work our hearty approval. Science Ladders, Forms of Land and Water. This introduction to Physical Geography forms the first students be deluded into accepting such vague statements as explanatory. After this we are ready to agree with the author, that 'the facts we have learned to-day have been ew, but very wonderful.' Very! Outlines of Hebrew Syntax. By Dr. A. Müller, Professor in the University of Halle. Translated and edited by James Robertson, M.A., D.D., Professor in the University of Glasgow. Glasgow: Maclehose and Sons. The Hebrew Grammar prepared and published by Professor Müller, of Halle, has met with deserved success in Germany, owing to its lucid arrangement, its use of the latest and best results at which the great Hebraists of that land have arrived, and the independent employment of all the materials on which such a work must be constructed. The author states his reasons for the appearance of a new Hebrew Grammar, notwithstanding Kautzsch's edition of Gesenius's well-known work, putting the merits of the latter somewhat lower than they should be. He claims for his Syntax that it is more scientific than that of Gesenius's, while it is more practical than that of Ewald's copious Lehrbuch. The book before us is a translation of the third part of Müller's School-grammar, that which contains the Syntax, The and to which the author attaches most value. translation is an excellent one, the work of a man who understands the Hebrew language, and is competent to make suggestions worthy of adoption. Dr. Robertson has not only translated, but edited the original under the superintendence of the author; the portion selected having received various additions and improvements from both, so that it may be justly considered a new edition of the Hebräische Schulgrammatik, Part III. We are far from thinking that the Syntax of any existing Hebrew Grammar, not excepting that of Ewald's, which has influenced all attempts to put that part on a scientific basis, is entirely satisfactory. Improvement is needed still; especially as regards the tenses and moods. Even vau conversive is not yet cleared up. The learner is apt to be bewildered amid a number of details, some of which are scarcely distinguishable from others. He desiderates comprehensive groupings, and does not find it. Greater simplicity should be aimed at, especially in a grammar for schools. The influence of Ewald has led his followers into a multitude of details which may be of practical use, but are not sufficiently scientific. Professor Müller is evidently a painstaking and cautious scholar. He is even disinclined to give his opinion about the propriety of a suffix being inserted between the construct state and its genitive, saying only that many expositors maintain its possibility. The two examples he adduces show more than that, and the second is not well regarded by him as an adverbial accusative. Indeed, the section headed 'Adverbial Accusative' is not a favourable example of the author's acuteness. We commend the volume to the attention of all students who wish to master the chief peculiarities of Hebrew Syntax. It should be compared with Kautzsch's Gesenius, which it can hardly supersede, though superior in various statements and in the presentation of appropriate examples. Standard Grammar. Book IV. By J. M. D. Meiklejohn. London and Edinburgh. Chambers. This book is devoted to the Analysis of Sentences. The exercises preceded by full explanations are carried systematically from the most simple to most forms of complex sentences. We need scarcely remark that much knowledge of the nature of words, usually comprised under the terms etymology and syntax, is given in Mr. Meiklejohn's lucid remarks. The whole arrangement is most satisfactory, and free from the pedantic innovations that mark many text-books of Composition and Analysis. The three last pages are filled with a capital list of prefixes and suffixes of the ordinary sources of Anglicised words. Chambers's Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. Revised Edition. London W. and R. Chambers. There are some tools with which the literary workman and student cannot dispense, and one of the most important of these is an English dictionary. We have used the book before us for thirteen years, and can heartily recommend it as being clear, trustworthy, well-arranged, and cheap. The Select List of Mythological and Classical Names,' and 'The Metric System,' form valuable features of this revised edition. English History Home Lesson Books. Part IV., for Standards V. and VI. National Society. This forms one of a series intended to be used with the text-book in English History by Miss Yonge, and comprises the heads of leading events of each kings reign. These heads are intended to be suggestive helps to the writing out of Home Evening Lessons, and not to be a cramming substitute for more detailed information. Writing exercises are appended in the historical biographical topics mentioned, together with exercises in mapdrawing and royal genealogies. Appended to each short chapter is a poetical extract to be committed to memory, the selection of which evinces excellent taste and judg ment. The fragile paper cover is surely a drawback to anything in the way of a Home Lesson Book. For this we would recommend cast iron if it were flexible, or the nearest approach to this that leather or canvas can furnish. [Through great pressure on our space several Reviews in type are helt over.] PHILIPS' GEOGRAPHICAL CLASS BOOKS. New CLASS-BOOK of MODERN GEOGRAPHY, In the present edition the information throughout has been thoroughly Revised and considerably Extended. Every recent Discovery and Political Change is carefully noticed. 'There is no reason why the work before us should not take the place among the first, if not of itself the first, of geographical class-books.'-Practical Teacher. "The new edition by Mr. Williams brings it up accurately to the present state of our knowledge.'-Dr. MILLER, Perth. A work which, for clearness, fulness, and excellence of arrangement, can hardly be surpassed.'-Literary World. 'I know no text-book on the same subject that can be compared to it.'T. W. WALLACE, Esq., High School, Inverness. ELEMENTARY CLASS-BOOK of MODERN GEOGRAPHY. By WILLIAM HUGHES, F.R.G. S. This volume is abridged from the larger class-book, and is designed for the use of less advanced pupils. New Edition, revised and enlarged. By J. FRANCON WILLIAMS, F.R.G.S. Foolscap 8vo, rs. 6d. GEOGRAPHY of the BRITISH COLONIES and FOREIGN POSSESSIONS, for the use of Candidates preparing for Examination. By the Rev. JOHN P. FAUNTHORPE, M.A., F.R.G.S., Principal of Whitelands College, Chelsea. Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 'Nothing seems to be lacking to entitle it to be described as a complete manual of instruction on our colonial possessions.-The Schoolmaster. THE GEOGRAPHY of the OCEANS, Physical, Historical, and Descriptive. With Contour Map of the Ocean, Maps of the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans; Charts of Co-tides and Currents, etc., etc. By J. FRANCON WILLIAMS, F.R.G.S. Expressly prepared for the use of Candidates for Examinations. Foolscap 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 'An admirable work. We know nothing better, whether for the schoolroom or the advanced student.'-Educational News. 'The best arranged and best written work of the kind which we can remember to have seen for a considerable period.'-Shipping and Mercantile Gazette. PHILIPS' SERIES OF MAP-DRAWING BOOKS. The present Series of 'Map-Drawing Books' are unique both in plan and object, and afford the most valuable aid to the attainment of definite and accurate geographical knowledge. Each book contains (1) a complete Full-coloured Map, so attached as to be always available for copying; (3) an Uncoloured Map without the names, which the pupil will fill in as an introductory exercise; (3) an Outline Map, with coast-line and lines of latitude and longitude only—the pupil being required to fill in the mountains, rivers, towns, etc., with the names; (4) Map with lines of latitude and longitude only; (5) a blank sheet, with border of map only-which cannot fail to impress the principal features, both physical and political, more firmly on the memory than by merely referring to an Atlas. These books, therefore, provide for repeated practice in drawing each map. Imperial 4to Series-13in. by 11in.-price 6d. each. Crown 4to Series-10in. by 8in.-price 3d. each. THE Practical Teacher A MONTHLY EDUCATIONAL JOURNAL Edited by JOSEPH HUGHES. VOL. II. No. 3. 'Knowledge is proud that he has learned so much, School Surgery. MAY, 1882. BY ALFRED CARPENTER, M.D. (LOND.), C.S.S. (CAMB.), Vice-President of the British Medical Association. IT III. WOUNDS-(continued). T will be all but useless to strap up or bandage a wound in which an artery has been divided; any attempt therefore to do without skilled surgical assistance would be attended with serious danger to the life of the boy. The surgeon as soon as he has made out the position of the wounded artery will enlarge the wound and place a ligature on it above and below the part injured. If it be a small artery, a ligature of the upper portion and so-called torsion of the lower may be sufficient. The lips of the wound will be brought together and treated just the same as if no ligature had been used. The cut surface may be anointed with carbolised oil, and some antiseptic lint or gauze applied and kept in its place by a bandage. It will be found that if this has been skilfully applied that there is no suppuration, so-called, that is that there is no pus or matter formed, and the wound heals by first intention (another surgical term which in effect means without suppuration), the child is well in a few days, provided the injured part is kept at rest and not allowed to be damaged in any other manner. The ligature comes away in a few days, and is no detriment to the healing process. Clean incised wounds in which there has not been any injury to an artery are easily dealt with and soon get well. If they are dirty they must be well cleansed with pure water, so that all foreign bodies (that is, all extraneous matter) may be entirely removed, then apply carbolised oil freely, bring the lips of the wound together by narrow strips of adhesive plaster, and cover up with antiseptic gauze. Lacerated Wounds.-These never heal by first intention; the torn parts contain damaged tissue, which is sure to die, and must be removed from the injured part before the flesh will heal and the skin cicatrize; but if the laceration is not severe it may be treated as directed for contused wounds. Laceration of the fingers and toes, such as are produced by rusty nails and jagged iron on park palings and similar fences, are sometimes followed by very serious results, VOL. II. Į PRICE 6D. though the wounds themselves may not appear at first to be of much moment. Skilled assistance should be sought for in any such case, and in the meantime it is best to bathe with warm water for a short period, and then cover up from the air. It used to be a custom to push pledgets of lint into such wounds to keep them open; all these kinds of insertions are injurious : indeed, it is never right to put foreign bodies, except ligatures, in fresh wounds under any kind of pretence; bring the parts into as natural a condition as can be done, and keep them so by gentle means; all tight bandages and all closely fitting compresses are wrong; antiseptic gauze gently applied may allow of a great part of the mischief being repaired without the production of any constitutional disturbance. By the term constitutional disturbance is meant the reaction which is set up in the system after the shock of a wound of any kind. A moderate amount of local inflammation is necessary to heal a wound in every case, but if it goes beyond the locality then the action is said to be constitutional; and if increase of heat results-which is a kind of fever-it shows that the mischief has gone beyond the line necessary for the healing process to be completed. This constitutional disturbance may run high in those suffering from the effects of lacerated wounds, especially if they are so-called inflammatory subjects that is, if they have been accustomed to take much animal food and drink alcoholic liquors. The total abstainer, if he is also temperate in the use of flesh meat, is seldom, if ever, inflammatory, and his wounds heal by the first intention in a most convenient and comfortable manner. A Sometimes a finger is torn off completely, and an enquiry is made as to the possibility of obtaining a reunion of the severed parts. Reunion in such a case is not possible; but if there is any part remaining attached it should not be separated until the surgeon has determined whether it can be saved or not. small attachment will be sufficient to keep up vitality in the case of a clean incised wound; but if the part is lacerated the retention of vitality in the separated part is not likely to ensue. The constitutional disturbance which a lacerated wound sets up is to be met by simple diet and warm application to the wounded part. The application of warm water to the part affected by means of lint under oil silk is the most comforting. This should be frequently changed, and H |