Social Cognition and the Acquisition of SelfIt is always enlightening to inquire about the origins of a research en deavor or a particular theoretical approach. Beginning with the observa tion of the mental life of the infant in 1962, Michael Lewis has contrib uted to the change in the view of the infant as an insensate mass of confusion to a complex and intellectual being. Anyone fortunate enough to have participated in the infancy research of the 1960s knows how exciting it was to have discovered in this small creature such a full and complex organism. More central to the origins of this work was the perception of the infant as an interactive, not a reactive, organism, and as one who influenced its social environment and constructed its cogni tive life, not one who just passively received information. Other areas of psychology had already begun to conceptualize the organism as active and interactive, even while developmental psychologists still clung to either simple learning paradigms, social reinforcement theories, or reflex ive theories. Even though Piaget had proposed an elaborate interactive theory, it was not until the late 1960s that his beliefs were fully im plemented into developmental theory and practice. A concurrent trend was the increase of concern with mother-infant interactions (Ainsworth, 1969; Bowlby, 1969; Goldberg & Lewis, 1969; Lewis & Goldberg, 1969) which provided the impetus for the study of social and emotional as well as cognitive development. |
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9 to 12montholds ability acting silly action adult age groups Amsterdam approach attention baby pictures Binomial Test bodydirected behavior BrooksGunn Child Development child’s chimpanzees contingent and noncontingent contingent condition contingent play cues developmental Developmental Psychology differences dimensions early Educational Testing Service elicited emotional experience empathy experimenter face facial expression female fixation Gallup gender interaction knowledge look males mark recognition markdirected behavior mean proportion measures Michael Lewis mirror and videotape mirror image Mirror Study montholds months of age mother noncontingent conditions noncontingent self conditions nonsocial nose number of subjects object permanence observed occur one’s onehalf oppositesex peer perception personal pronouns Piaget Picture Study positive affect presented procedure proportion of trials Psychology relationship Rouge 1 Condition sameage samesex sample selfdirected behavior sexrole silly or coy smiling social cognition specific Springer Science+Business Media stimulus condition stranger suggest Table touched verbal labels videotape representations Videotape Study vocalization York