J Lam.

This letter andre, are permuted one for the other.

This letter sometimes unites the nominative governing the

verb, or the first person singular; as gooftum ora,

گفتم او را

I spoke to him, or I told him and at other times, the ac

:

foolan kus gooftum, such a one told فلان کس گفتم

cusative; as

me.

Sometimes it is struck out by syncope; as

گفتم که کلي بچینم از باغ کل دیدم و مست شد ببوئي

Gooftum ki goole bucheenum uz bagh

Gool deedum o must shood buboo,e.

I said, I will gather a flower from this garden;

I saw a flower, and was intoxicated with its fragrance.

Prefixed to the imperative, it forms the prohibitive, in which

mugo, speak not thou, muro, go not thou.

It is an invariable rule, that when two of these letters

occur together, one is rejected. Vide page 10,.

.Noon ن

This letter is prefixed to express negation; as

,nukurd نکرد

he did not, nugooft, he spoke not. When it is not joined to another word, the slight & he is affixed in order to express the futh; as & nu, not. When it occurs after either ulif, or waw, or ya, it has a nasal sound; as

K

زفان zuban and زبان

zufan, a tongue and j zuboon, bad. It is also the last letter of the infinitive of every verb, and in this case is preceded by

It

This letter and be, are interchanged for each other. is muuroof, or open, when its preceding letter is accented with a long zum (zummue kusheedu), as boo; and sharp (or J mujhool), when the preceding zumm is short, as to, which can only be distinguished by practice and a good ear.

There are three kinds of, which are written but not sounded. First, that which is used to express the accent, and complete the word; because, no sound can be expressed by less and J, as to,

than two letters; and this occurs after, 7,

معدوله do, two. The second is called دو ,choo, thus

چو

thou, madoolu, or deviating; because, quitting the letter,, the one following is chiefly sounded, and this but slightly: askhoosh, where the accent principally falls on the last letter. The letter preceding this kind of, is generally accented with a futh, although it sometimes has zumm, as and sometimes kusr, as khwesh, self; this is again subdivided into two kinds; first, when the is followed by ulif, as

; kheel, a blockhead خوله

khwab, sleep; the second, when followed by either of

khood, self, &c. The خود as ي or ن ش س زرد these letters

third kind be utf, or conjunction copulative, between two nouns or two verbs; as, Moohummud wu Muhmood, amud wu ruft, he came and went, when it is accented with a futh; but if the preceding letter is accented with a zumm, then the, waw is hardly distinguished; as

آمد

amud-o-ruft, coming and going, a thoroughfare. In Persian prose it is read with a futh, but in verse it is frequently dropped.

There are also two kinds of,—that which is sounded but not written, as siyawush; and that which is written as well as sounded, and this is subdivided into sakin, quiescent, and mootuhurrik, accented. The first is added at the end of a word to express the diminutive, as pisuroo, a

little son; the accented is subdivided into that which is sometimes sounded, and sometimes not, as already explained; and the

ورا كفت waw which is slightly sounded, as و او را گفت

wura goft, for ora gooft, he spoke to him; and the redundant, when preceding the letters as

ي

باید دید که تو کار خوب ميكني ويا من ميكنم

Bayud deed ki to kar khoob mekoonee wu ya mun mekoonum. It must be seen if you do the business well, or I do it.

He, or Hae huwwuz.

This letter is of two kinds. First, that which is both written and sounded, whether it be preceded by a letter accented with either zumm, futh, or kusr, which is retained in forming the plural (vide page 12): in the diminutive, it is accented with a futh, as ; unduli, grief, Kunduhuk, little grief, chuhuk, a little well; &, giruh; a giruhuk, a small knot. And in construction it is

chuh, a well,

knot;

accented with a kusr; as

چه من ,unduhi mun, my grief انده من

chuhi mun, my well, giruhi mun, my knot. When the letter preceding & is accented with a futh, an su lif has generally been struck out by syncope; as, ruh, a road, which was originally, rah, and muh, the moon, which was

mah; and when it is

preceded by a zumm, a, has generally

.undoh اندوه

been rejected; as sa

unduh, grief, which originally was

Secondly, There are four kinds of 8 he, slightly sounded:

dun دندانه ,dundan, tooth دندان when used adjectively, as ,1

danu, teethed; 2, to

yuk salu, one year; gooft, and

ascertain and define time, as low

3, is used to express the preter sense, gooftu, he spoke; 4, is used to express

the final futh, to remove doubt in the signification of two words of the same sound, as l jam, a cup, plș jam, or

This letter, when preceded by another letter accented with a kusr, if open, is called ya,e muuroof, and if sharp, Jyae muj,hool. The open kusr is called

pure, and the sharp one

khalis,

ghuer khalis, or mixed.

The first kind, or open ya, is used to form the substantive noun,

hasili musdur), as حاصل مصدر or zur bakhshee, and زر بخشي

Sj zur rezee, munificence; and also denotes fitness, as

,kooshtunee كشتني ,nawakhtunee, meriting fondness نواختني

deserving death. The ya,e muj,hool restricts the noun to the singular number, as murde, one man. It is used to mark

foolan murdest, such a one is a فلان مردیست respect, as

great man. It is also used for three persons of the continuative form of the preter tense, as has been already exemplified in page 17. Its name, or ya, is called, kulmu,e turdeed, or the alternative sign, answering to the Arabic par ticle i dam, either, whether.