durha doors; goohur a gem,

goohurha, gems. This

plural, however, is sometimes used for inanimate things.

When an inanimate singular has final & mute, it is dropped in forming the plural; thus, sing. & jamu a vest, plu. ↳

jamuha vests but when the final & is sounded, then it is continued in forming the plural; thus,

giruh-ha knots; ðj; ziruh a coat of mail,

giruh a knot

ziruh-ha coats

of mail: but for animals the final of the singular is changed

bundugan slaves.

بندگان bandu a slave بنده thus ان into and joined to

دست

پایها ,pae a foot پاي ;dust-ha hands دستها ,dust a hand

A member of an animal is made plural by lo ha : thus,

سر

pae-ha feet. The words sur and gurdun, when signifying the head and the neck, form the plural by lo ha; but when they signify a chief or leader, the plural is thus, w suran, gurdunan, chiefs.

سران

Rule 7. Some Persian words have meanings diametrically opposite; as supokhtun, to transfix, and also to extract.

Likewise furaz signifies both shut and open. Sometimes a word is both singular and plural; as

murdoom, a man,

and also men.

Umeer Khoosro thus:

نشاید هیچ مردم خفته در کار

که در پایان پشیمانی دهد بار

Nu shayud hech murdoom khooftu dur kar

Ki dur payan pushemanee dihud bar.

:

It is not proper for any man to sleep on business for at length repentance will be the fruit thereof.

When murdoom is used in the singular number, the

مردم

مردمان

plural is murdooman. Sometimes the plural is used

in speaking of a single person as a mark of respect, or else to

impress an idea of magnitude: thus shooma goofted, you spoke, instead of to gooftee, thou spokest; and

a monstrous large snake is called izhduha, snakes.

Rule 8. When there occurs in a word a reduplicate before

the former must be made to precede the latter; thus

bunumayud, and not

gafud, and not

ن

nubunumayud K bunushu

nubunushugafud, a reduplicate letter in

the middle of a word not being allowed.

OF VERBS.

They are thus distinguished: those to whose infinitive is joined shoodun to be, or kurdun to do, are called

pray,

numaz kurdun to figar shoodun to be wounded, there being no

نماز کردن jamid or unconjugable; thus

.figareed فکاریدن numazeedun or نمازیدن such verbs as

And every (a

radical

seeghu) tense or inflection, derived from the musdur) or infinitive without the aid of these

shigaftun شگافتن moonsurif or conjugable ; as منصرف verbs, is ,shitaftun to run شتافتن nawakhtun to caress نواختن ,to split

An infinitive musdur) is a word ending with dun or tun, which are the invariable signs of the infinitive. From this infinitive are derived forty inflections (d); viz. twenty through the means of the third person singular of the preterite, thus six of the preterite, six of the preter-imperfect, six of the future tense, and two of the perfect participle; and twenty inflections through the means of the third person singular of the aorist in the following order, viz. six of the aorist (which, besides its special imperative signification, has also a present and a future meaning), six of the present tense, two imperative, two prohibitive, one imperfect imperative, and one present participle, together with the two nouns of action.