1737, 8vo, fourth edit. where there is a valuable introductory chapter on the history and writings of Ignatius.1

IHRE (JOHN), professor of rhetoric and politics in the university of Upsal, was born in March 1707, and on account of the early death of his father, chiefly educated under his grandfather, then archbishop of Upsal. In 1730 he set out on his travels to improve himself by the company and conversation of learned men. In 1733 he returned to Upsal, where he was elected a member of the academy of sciences. In 1737 he was made public professor of poetry, and in 1748 he was appointed by the king professor of rhetoric and politics; an office, the duties of which he discharged for forty years with great reputation. In 1756 king Adolphus Frederic raised him to the rank of a counsellor of the chancery; two years after to that of patrician; and in 1759 conferred on him the order of the polar star. He died in 1780. In 1756 he undertook a Sueco-Gothic Lexicon, and began to arrange the materials which he had been preparing for the purpose. In 1766 be published a "Lexicon Dialectorum," in which he explained and illustrated obsolete words, still used in the provinces; and in 1769 his "Glossarium Sueco-Gothicum" was published in 2 vols. folio. He was the author also of an explanation of the old catalogue of the Sueco-Gothic kings, to which are added the old West-Gothic Laws. In his dissertations "De Runorum Antiquitate, Patria, Origine, et Occasu," he asserts that the Runic writing was formerly used in the greater part of Europe, was introduced into Sweden about the sixth century, and became entirely extinct in the beginning of the fifteenth. He was possessed of a sound judgment and a retentive memory; and so clearly were his ideas arranged, that he had never any need to correct what he had composed."

ILIVE (JACOB), was a printer, and a son of a printer; but he applied himself to letter-cutting in 1730, and carried on a foundery and a printing-house together. He was an expeditions compositor, and was said to know the letters by the touch; but being not perfectly sound in mind, produced some strange works. In 1751 he published a pretended translation of "The Book of Jasher;" said to have been made by one Alcuin of Britain. The account given

Life by Cave.-Jortin's Remarks on Ecclesiastical History.— Milner's..... Church History.-Dr. Horsley's Letters to Priestley.-Lardner's Works. Dict. Hist.-Rees's Cyclopædia.-Saxii Opomast.

1

of the translation is full of glaring absurdities; but the publication, in fact, was secretly written by him, and printed off by night. He published, in 1733, an Oration, intended to prove the plurality of worlds, and asserting that this earth is hell, that the souls of men are apostate angels, and that the fire to punish those confined to this world at the day of judgment will be immaterial. This was written in 1729, and spoken afterwards at Joiners-hall, pursuant to the will of his mother, who had held the same extraordinary opinions. In this strange performance the author unveils his deistical principles, and takes no small liberty with the sacred Scriptures, especially the character of Moses. Emboldened by this first adventure, he determined to become the public teacher of infidelity, or, as he calls it, "The religion of nature." For this purpose, he hired the use of Carpenters'-hall, where, for some considerable time, he delivered his orations, which consisted chiefly of scraps from Tindal, and other similar writers. In the course of the same year, 1733, appeared a second pamphlet called "A Dialogue between a Doctor of the Church of England and Mr. Jacob Ilive, upon the subject of the oration." This strange oration is highly praised in Holwell's third part of "Interesting Events relating to Bengal." For publishing" Modest Remarks on the late bishop Sherlock's Sermons," live was confined in Clerken- well-bridewell from June 15, 1756, till June 10, 1758; during which period he published "Reasons offered for the Reformation of the House of Correction in Clerkenwell," &c. 1757, and projected several other reforming treatises, enumerated in Gough's "British Topography;" where is also a memorandum, communicated by Mr. Bowyer, of Ilive's attempt to restore the company of Stationers to their primitive constitution. He died in 1763.1

ILLYRICUS (MATTHIAS FLACIUS, or FRANCOWITZ), but who Latinized his name into FLACCUS ILLYRICUS, because a native of Albona or Albana in Illyria, was born March 3, 4.520. He was instructed in grammar and the classics by Egnatius at Venice, and gave the preference to divinity as a profession. Not being able, however, to maintain the expences of university education, he intended to throw himself into a monastery, but happening to consult with a relation of his mother's, who was provincial of the Corde

Nichols's Bowyer-Wilson's Hist. of Dissenting Churches.

liers, and who had begun to see through the errors of popery, this person prevailed with Flacius to lay aside all thoughts of the monastic life, and go into Germany, where his knowledge of Greek and Hebrew would procure him a maintenance until he had completed his theological studies. Flacius accordingly took this advice, went to Basil in 1539, and, after a few months stay, went to Tubingen, where he remained until 1541, and then removed to Wittenberg, to complete his studies under Luther and Melancthon, the latter of whom found him some employment in the university, and was the means of relieving his mind from anxious doubts respecting some of the fundamental principles of the reformed religion, respecting the nature of sin, the wrath of God, and predestination.

He was thus employed when all the schools of Saxony were dispersed by the war, on which, Flacius went to Brunswick, where he acquired great reputation by his lectures. In 1547 he returned to his former employment at Wittenberg, and here first began his differences with bis brethren on the subject of the Interim, that famous edict of Charles V. which was to be observed with the articles of religion then in dispute, until they should be determined by a council, and therefore was called interim. But as it retained most of the doctrines and ceremonies of the Romanists, though expressed for the most part in the softest words, or in scriptural phrases, or in terms of studied ambiguity, excepting that of marriage, which was allowed to priests, and communion, which was administered to the laity under both kinds, most of the Protestants rejected it, and none with more warmth than Flacius. This involved him also with Melancthon, against whom he wrote with so much intemperance, that the latter called him "Echidna Illyrica," the Illyrian viper. Flacius, however, that he might be at liberty to oppose popery in his own way, retired, in 1549, to Magdeburg, which town was at that time proscribed by the emperor. Here he published several books, and began that ecclesiastical history which (we have mentioned in the article JUDEX, called the "Centuries of Magdeburg," of which he had the chief direction. Of this work the first four centuries, and part of the fifth, were composed at Magdeburg. The fifth was finished at Jena. The sixth was written in the place to which the authors had retired on account of the persecution of their two coadjutors, Gallus and Faber. The seventh was com

posed in the country of Mecklenburgh, and the remaining in the city of Wismar, in the same country. The first three centuries were published in 1559, though dated in 1560, according to the booksellers' custom, with a dedication to queen Elizabeth, earnestly exhorting her to establish the pure, uncorrupt religion, and particularly the doctrine of the corporal presence in the sacrament. The best edition

of this work is that of Basil, 1624, 3 vols. folio. This is the most considerable of Flacius's works, and employed him during the whole of his life, at such times as he could spare from his public employments and controversies, which last he carried on with too much violence.

In 1557 he accepted the offer made to him, of the Hebrew and divinity professorship in the new university of Jena, where he had read lectures for five years, and where he engaged in a dispute with his colleague, Strigelius, on the nature of original sin, which Strigelius held to be accidental of the soul, and Flacius maintained that it was of the soul's substance and essence. This dispute was held before the duke of Saxony at Weimar, and carried on to thirteen meetings, the acts of which were published, with a preface by Musæus, one of Flacius's followers. His opinion on this subject, however, was so unpalatable, that he was obliged to leave Jena and go to Ratisbon, where he published some more works, and was in such reputation among the adherents to the Augsburgh confession, that, in 1567, he was called into Brabant, to establish churches there according to that rule of faith; but these new churches were soon dispersed by the persecution arisen in that country, which obliged him to fly to Antwerp and Strasburg, and finally to Francfort. Here he maintained his opinion on original sin with such rigid adherence as to be charged with Manicheism on this point, which greatly injured his reputation, and deprived him of many of his followers. He died in this city, March 11, 1575. He is said to have been a man of extensive learning, but of a controversial turn, which frequently embroiled him with his brethren; but on the other hand he must be allowed to have been a powerful agent in promoting the Reformation. His works were numerous. Teissier, in his "Eloges des hommes savans," has given the titles of seventy-eight treatises, the greater part of which are also enumerated by Niceron. The principal are his "Clavis Scripturæ," 2 vols. fol. of which there have been seven editions, the last

at Leipsic in 1695; no inconsiderable test of its merit. To this may be added his "Catalogus testium veritatis," of which there have been several editions in 4to and fol.; and an edition of the "Ancient Latin Mass," Strasburg, 1557, 8vo. He thought this work would assist the common cause; but the Lutherans, perceiving the contrary, did all they could to suppress it, which is the reason of its scarce. ness; nor has the republication in P. le Cointe's "Annals,' and in cardinal Bona's "Liturgies," reduced the very high price. In the edition of Sulpicius Severus, published by him at Basil, 1556, 8vo, there is an "Appendix to the Latin Mass," which may be added to it. There is another very rare work of his, entitled " Varia doctorum piorumque virorum de corrupto ecclesiæ statu, Poemata," Basil, 1557.1

IMHOFF (JOHN, or, according to Saxius, JAMES - WILLIAM), a very famous genealogist, born of a noble family at Nuremberg, in 1651, was a lawyer in that city, and one of its senators. He was considered as having a profound knowledge of the interests of princes, the revolutions of states, and the history of the principal families in Europe. He died in 1728. His works were, 1. "Genealogiæ excellentium in Gallia familiarum," Norimb. 1687, folio. 2. "Genealogiæ familiarum Bellomaneriæ," &c. Norimb. 1688, folio. 3. "Historia Genealogica Regum Magnæ Britanniæ," Norimb. 1690, folio. 4. "Notitia procerum S. R. imperii," Tubingen, 1693, folio. 5. "Historia Italiæ et Hispaniæ genealogica," Norimb. 1701, folio. 6. “ Corpus Historia genealogica Italia et Hispania, Norimb. 1702, folio. 7. "Recherches Historiques et Genealogiques des Grands d'Espagne," Amst. 1708, folio. 8. "Stemma regium Lusitanicum," Amst. 1708, folio. 9. "Genealogia 20 illustrium in Hispaniâ familiarum," Leipsic, 1720, folio."

IMPERIALI (JOSEPH RENATUs), a famous cardinal, was born April 26, 1651, of an illustrious family at Genoa. He was appointed general of the mint, then treasurer of the apostolical chamber, afterwards cardinal, February 13, 1690. The popes employed him in the most important affairs, and he was within one vote of being elected pope in the conclave 1730. His probity, talents, and love of learning, made him universally esteemed. He died

'Melchior Adam. - Niceron, vol. XXIV. -Gen. Dict. Clement Bibl. Curieuse. Moreri. 2 Dict. Hist.-Saxii Onomasticon.