Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Three Departments of the Intellect, Sensibilities, and Will

Harper & brothers, 1869 - Psychology

From inside the book

Selected pages

INTRODUCTION CHAP I PRIMARY TRUTHS 1 Importance of preliminary statements in Mental Philosophy	17

Nature of such preliminary statements	18

Of the name or designation given them	19

Primary truth of personal existence 18 19 20 5 Occasions of the origin of the idea or belief of personal existence	20

Primary truth of personal identity 7 Reasons for regarding this a preliminary truth 8 There are original and authoritative grounds of belief	22

Primary truths having relation to the reasoning power 10 No beginning or change of existence without a cause	27

Occasions of the origin of the primary truth of effects and causes	28

Matter and mind have uniform and fixed laws	29

Association controlled by indirect voluntary power	338

Further illustrations of indirect voluntary power	339

MEMORY 245 Remarks on the general nature of memory	341

Of memory as a ground or law of belief	342

Of differences in the strength of memory	343

Of circumstantial memory or that species of memory which is based on the relations of contiguity in time and place	345

Illustrations of specific or circumstantial memory	347

Of philosophic memory or that species of memory which is based on other relations than those of contiguity	348

This primary truth not founded on reasoning	30

IMMATERIALITY OF THE MIND 29 30 32 14 On the meaning of the terms material and immaterial	32

Difference between mind and matter shown from language	33

Their different nature shown by their respective properties	34

The souls immateriality indicated by the feeling of identity	35

No exact correspondence between the mental and bodily state	36

Evidence of this want of exact correspondence	37

Comparative state of the mind and body in dreaming	39

The great works of genius an evidence of immateriality	40

The doctrine of materiality inconsistent with future existence	41

Of belief its degrees and its sources CHAP III LAWS OF BELIEF	43

Of suggestion consciousness and the senses as grounds of be lief	44

47	45

Objection to reliance on testimony	47

Of judgment or relative suggestion as a ground of belief	48

Of reasoning as a ground or law of belief	49

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION 9588 51 30 The mind may be regarded in a threefold point of view 31 Evidence of the general arrangement from co...	51

Evidence of the same from the terms found in different lan guages 33 Evidence from incidental remarks in writers	54

Further proof from various writers on the mind	57

Classification of the intellectual states of the mind	60

Section	63

THE SENSE OF TOUCH	66

DE ONE3	68

Further proof of the beginnings of knowledge from external	70

Of connatural or innate knowledge	77

THE POWER OF SENSATION	83

PERCEPTION OR THE PERCEPTIVE POWER	89

53	90

54	92

57	95

60	97

Nature of sonorous bodies and the medium of the communi	101

Section Page 69 Of the sense of touch and its sensations in general	107

Idea of externality suggested in connexion with the touch	108

Origin of the notion of extension and of form and figure 110	110

On the sensation of heat and cold	111

On the sensation of hardness and softness	113

Of certain indefinite feelings sometimes ascribed to the touch	114

Relation between the sensation and what is outwardly signi fied	115

THE SENSE OF SIGHT 76 Of the organ of sight and the uses or benefits of that sense	117

Statement of the mode or process in visual perception	118

Of the original and acquired perceptions of sight	119

Of the knowledge of the figure of bodies by the sight	121

Measurements of magnitude by the eye	123

Of objects seen in the mist and of the sun and moon in the horizon	124

Of the estimation of distances by sight	126

Estimation of distance when unaided by intermediate objects	128

Explanatory remarks	131

OF RELIANCE ON THE SENSES AND IDEALISM 87 By means of sensations we have a knowledge of outward things	132

Objection to a reliance on the senses	133

Some alleged mistakes of the senses owing to want of care	135

Of mistakes in judging of the motion of objects	138

Of mistakes as to the distances and magnitude of objects	140

The senses liable to be diseased	141

On the real existence of a material world	142

Doctrine of the nonexistence of matter considered	143

The senses as much grounds of belief as other parts of our constitution	145

HABITS OF SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 98 General view of the law of habit and of its applications	147

Of habit in relation to the smell	149

100	150

Of habit in relation to the hearing	152

Of certain universal habits based or sounds	154

103	156

Other striking instances of habits of touch	159

Habits considered in relation to the sight	160

106	162

Of habits as modified by particular callings or arts	163

The law of habit considered in reference to the perception of the outlines and forms of objects	164

Notice of some facts which favour the above doctrine	165

Additional illustrations of Mr Stewarts doctrine	166

MUSCULAR HABITS Section Page 111 Instances in proof of the existence of muscular habits	167

Muscular habits regarded by some writers as involuntary	169

THE CONCEPTIVE POWER CONCEPTIONS 114 Conceptivity and characteristics of conceptions	172

Of conceptions of objects of sight	173

Influence of habit on conceptions of sight	176

A 2	177

Conceptions which are joined with perceptions	180

Conceptions as connected with fictitious representations	182

SIMPLICITY AND COMPLEXNESS OF MENTAL STATES 122 Origin of the distinction of simple and complex	183

Nature and characteristics of simple mental states	184

Simple cognitive states representative of a reality	185

Origin of complex notions and their relation to simple	186

Supposed complexness without the antecedence of simple feelings	187

The precise sense in which complexness is to be understood	188

Illustrations of analysis as applied to the mind	190

Complex notions of external origin	191

Of objects contemplated as wholes	192

Something more in external objects than mere attributes or qualities	193

Explanatory remarks on the true philosophical method 194	194

Section Page	196

ABSTRACTION THE ABSTRACTIVE POWER 134 Abstraction implied in the analysis of complex ideas	197

Instances of particular abstract ideas	198

Names and complexity in the power of abstraction	199

Of generalizations of particular abstract mental states	202

GENERAL ABSTRACT IDEAS 139 General abstract notions the same with genera and species	203

Process in classification or the forming of genera and species	204

Early classifications sometimes incorrect	205

Illustrations of our earliest classifications	206

Of the nature of general abstract ideas	207

Objection sometimes made to the existence of general notions	209

The power of general abstraction in connexion with num bers c	210

Of general abstract truths or principles	211

Of the speculations of philosophers and others	212

Of the opinions of the Nominalists	213

Of the opinions of the Conceptualists	214

Further remarks of Brown on general abstractions	216

OF THE POWER OF ATTENTION 152 Names given it and its result when in exercise	217

Apparent reality of dreams 2d cause	231

Further illustrations of somnambulism	238

Declaration of Locke that the soul has knowledge in itself	244

Knowledge begins in the senses but has internal accessions	250

Ideas of existence mind selfexistence and personal identity	257

Nature of succession and origin of the idea of succession	264

The idea of space has its origin in suggestion	271

Origin of the ideas of moral merit and demerit	277

nature	282

RELATIVE SUGGESTION OR JUDGMENT	289

Relations of degree in adjectives of the positive form	295

Of complex terms involving the relation of cause and effect	302

Resemblance the first general law of association	308

Cause and effect the fourth primary law	314

Original difference in the mental constitution	320

CASUAL ASSOCIATIONS I INTELLECTUAL	326

Tendency of the mind to pass from the sign to the thing sig	332

Section Page 242 Power of the will over mental associations	337

Further illustrations of philosophic memory	350

Of that species of memory called intentional recollection	351

Instance illustrative of the preceding	353

Remarks on the memory of the aged	354

On the compatibility of strong memory and good judgment	356

Marks of a good memory	357

Directions or rules for the improvement of the memory	358

Further directions for the improvement of the memory	361

Of observance of the truth in connexion with memory	363

Of mnemonics or systems of artificial memory	364

DURATION OF MEMORY 262 Restoration of thoughts and feelings supposed to be forgotten	365

Mental action quickened by influence on the physical system	367

Other instances of quickened mental action and of a restora tion of thoughts	368

Effect on the memory of a severe attack of fever	369

Approval and illustrations of these views from Coleridge	370

Application of the principles of this chapter to education	372

Connexion of this doctrine with the final judgment and a fu ture life	373

REASONING 269 Reasoning a source of ideas and knowledge	375

Illustrations of the value of the reasoning power	376

Definition of reasoning and of propositions	378

Process of the mind in all cases of reasoning	379

Grounds of the selection of propositions	381

Reasoning implies the existence of antecedent or assumed propositions	382

Of reasoning à priori	384

Of reasoning à posteriori	386

Of reasoning à fortiori	387

Of habits of reasoning	389

Of reasoning in connexion with language or expression	390

DEMONSTRATIVE REASONING 281 Of the subjects of demonstrative reasoning	392

Use of definitions and axioms in demonstrative reasoning	393

The opposites of demonstrative reasonings absurd	394

Demonstrations do not admit of different degrees of belief	395

Of the use of diagrams in demonstrations	396

Of signs in general as connected with reasoning	397

Section Page	399

Caution to be used in reasoning from analogy	406

Of being influenced in reasoning by a love of the truth	412

On the sophism of estimating actions and character from	419

Process of the mind in the creations of the imagination	425

Illustration of the statements of the preceding section	431

Of misconceptions by means of the imagination	437

Of the help afforded by names in the combination of numbers	443

PART THIRD IMPERFECT AND DISORDERED INTELLECTUAL ACTION	451

CONNEXION OF THE MIND AND BODY Section Pago 328 Disordered intellectual action connected with the body	453

The mind constituted on the principle of a connexion with the body	454

Illustration of the subject from the effects of old	455

The connexion of the bodily system with the mental shown from the effects resulting from diseases	456

Shown also from the effects of stimulating drugs and gases	457

Influence on the body of excited imagination and passion	458

This doctrine of use in explaining mental phenomena 454 455 456	460

EXCITED CONCEPTIONS OR APPARITIONS 335 Of excited conceptions and of apparitions in general	461

Of the less permanent excited conceptions of sight	462

Of the less permanent excited conceptions of sound	463

First cause of permanently vivid conceptions or apparitions Morbid sensibility of the retina of the eye	464

Second cause of permanently excited conceptions or appari tions Superabundance of blood in the system	467

Methods of relief adopted in this case	469

Third cause of excited conceptions Attacks of fever	470

Fourth cause of apparitions and other excited conceptions 469 470 Inflammation of the brain 471 343 Facts having relation to the fourth cause of ex...	471

Fifth cause of apparitions Hysteria	473

Meaning of the term and kinds of insanity	474

Of disordered or alienated sensations	475

Of disordered or alienated external perception	476

Disordered state or insanity of intuition	477

Unsoundness or insanity of consciousness	479

Insanity of the judgment or relative suggestion	480

Disordered or alienated association Lightheadedness 352 Illustrations of this mental disorder	481

Of partial insanity or alienation of the memory	482

Of the power of reasoning in the partially insane	484

Instance of the above form of disordered reasoning	485

Of readiness of reasoning in the partially insane	486

Partial mental alienation by means of the imagination	487

Insanity or alienation of the power of belief	488

TOTAL INSANITY OR DELIRIUM 359 Idea of total insanity or delirium	490

Of perception in cases of total or delirious insanity	491

Of association in delirious insanity 362 Illustration of the above section	492

Of the memory in connexion with delirious insanity 364 Of the power of reasoning in total or delirious insanity 365 Of the form of insanity called fu...	494

O	495

+	497

Section Page 368 Of the imputation of insanity to individuals	498

Of the treatment of the insane	499

APPENDIX ON LANGUAGE	501

NATURAL SIGNS 1 Of the natural and necessary communication of the mental states from one to another	503

Mental states first expressed by gesture and the countenance	504

Of the use made of natural signs by the deaf and dumb	505

Further illustrations of the great power of natural signs 507	507

Of the system of signs existing among the N A Savages	510

Of the symbolic exhibitions of the Hebrews	512

Of the instinctive interpretation of certain natural signs	513

Further evidence of the instinctive interpretation of natural signs	514

Considerations on the use of natural signs	516

ORAL SIGNS OR SPEECH 518 11 Of the possibility of forming an oral language without Divine 10 Remarks on the original formation of oral signs	518

aid	520

Oral signs or words are in general arbitrary	522

Words at first few in number and limited to particular objects	523

Formation of appellatives implies the feeling of resemblance	525

On the increase in the number of nouns or appellatives	526

Of the formation of verbs	527

Formation of adjectives and other parts of speech	528

The foregoing principles confirmed from the deaf and dumb	529

Of the formation of prepositions	530

Of the origin and original import of conjunctions	531

Further remarks on the meaning of conjunctions etc	532

Principle of selection and significancy of proper names	533

Of the origin and significancy of the names of places	534

WRITTEN SIGNS 26 Of the causes which led to the formation of written signs	535

The first artificial signs addressed to the eye were pictures	536

Of hieroglyphical writing	538

Of the written characters of the Chinese	539

The Chinese character an improvement on the hieroglyphical	540

Artificial delineations employed as signs of sound	541

The preceding views confirmed by recent researches	542

On the recent formation of the Cherokee syllabic alphabet	543

Facts relative to the invention of the Cherokee alphabet	544

Conventional written signs as expressive of numbers etc	546

CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGES 37 All Languages have their characteristic traits	548

Characteristics of the languages of uncivilized nations	549

Characteristics of language in civilized and scientific nations	550

Characteristics of languages depend much on habits	551

Languages aid in forming correct ideas of national character	552

Of the correspondence between national intellect etc	553

Different languages suited to different minds and subjects	555

Such differences shown by attempts at translating	556

Of the study of the Greek and Latin languages	558

Of an universal language	560

Other editions - View all

Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Three Departments of the Intellect ...
Thomas Cogswell Upham
Full view - 1875

Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Three Departments of the Intellect ...
Thomas Cogswell Upham
Full view - 1869

Mental Philosophy
Thomas C. Upham
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Common terms and phrases

abstract ideas acquainted acquired action affection antecedent apparent magnitude appear apply ascer ascribed association attention belief blind body called cause circumstances cognitive colour complex notion conceptions connexion consciousness consideration considered degree direct distance distinct doctrine dreams Dugald Stewart eral evidence examination exercise existence experience expressed external objects fact faculties feeling give harpsichord illustrate imagination implies instance intellectual internal origin James Mitchell jects knowledge language material world means memory ment mental merely mind mon language nature nexion Nominalist notice occasion operations organ outward papillæ particular perceive person philosophical possess present principle propositions Puiseaux qualities reasoning reference relation remarks resemblance result retina rience sensations and perceptions sensations exhibit sense of touch sideration sight simple smell somnambulism sophism soul sound spects supposed susceptible taste term things thought tion true truth tympanum VENTRILOQUISM ventriloquist visual perception volition words writers

Popular passages

Page 244 - ... as we do from bodies affecting our senses. This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself; and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called internal sense.‎

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Page 221 - The crow doth sing as sweetly as the lark, When neither is attended ; and, I think, The nightingale, if she should sing by day, When every goose is cackling, would be thought No better a musician than the wren.‎

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Page 433 - He meets with a secret refreshment in a description, and often feels a greater satisfaction in the prospect of fields and meadows than another does in the possession. It gives him, indeed, a kind of property in every thing he sees, and makes the most rude uncultivated parts of nature administer to his pleasures: so that he looks upon the world, as it were, in another light, and discovers in it a multitude of charms that conceal themselves from the generality of mankind.‎

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Page 244 - The other fountain from which experience furnisheth the understanding with ideas, is the perception of the operations of our own mind within us, as it is employed about the ideas it has got ; which operations, when the soul comes to reflect on and consider, do furnish the understanding with another set of ideas, which could not be had from things without ; and such are perception, thinking, doubting, believing, reasoning, knowing...‎

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Page 249 - The original of them all, is that which we call "sense," for there is no conception in a man's mind, which hath not at first, totally or by parts, been begotten upon the organs of sense.‎

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Page 472 - Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee : I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? or art thou but A dagger of the mind; a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?‎

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Page 227 - IN Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure-dome decree : Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea. So twice five miles of fertile ground With walls and towers were girdled round : And there were gardens bright with sinuous rills Where blossomed many an incense-bearing tree ; And here were forests ancient as the hills, Enfolding sunny spots...‎

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Page 179 - Spit, fire! spout, rain! Nor rain, wind, thunder, fire, are my daughters: I tax not you, you elements, with unkindness; I never gave you kingdom, call'd you children, You owe me no subscription: then let fall Your horrible pleasure; here I stand, your slave, A poor, infirm, weak, and despis'd old man.‎

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Page 312 - Could I forget What I have been, I might the better bear What I am destined to : I am not the first That have been wretched : but to think how much I have been happier ! Wild hurrying thoughts Start every way from my distracted soul, To find out hope, anil only meet despair.‎

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Page 146 - For he that sees a candle burning, and hath experimented the force of its flame, by putting his finger in it, will little doubt that this is something existing without him, which does him harm, and puts him to great pain ; which...‎

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Bibliographic information

Title	Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Three Departments of the Intellect, Sensibilities, and Will Mental Philosophy: Embracing the Three Departments of the Intellect, Sensibilities, and Will, Thomas Cogswell Upham
Author	Thomas Cogswell Upham
Publisher	Harper & brothers, 1869
Original from	the University of Michigan
Digitized	17 Feb 2006

Export Citation	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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