Anatomy and Physiology of Speech |
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Page 37
... thoracic , five lumbar , five sacral , and one caudal ( coccygeal ) . Each pair , except for the cervicals , is named from the vertebra above its exit . The spinal nerves , as well as the cranial , constitute the lower motor neurons ...
... thoracic , five lumbar , five sacral , and one caudal ( coccygeal ) . Each pair , except for the cervicals , is named from the vertebra above its exit . The spinal nerves , as well as the cranial , constitute the lower motor neurons ...
Page 97
... thoracic region through elevation of the ribs by muscles that serve primarily to connect the upper extremity with the anterior and lateral thoracic walls . The four muscles described below can all help to elevate the ribs during ...
... thoracic region through elevation of the ribs by muscles that serve primarily to connect the upper extremity with the anterior and lateral thoracic walls . The four muscles described below can all help to elevate the ribs during ...
Page 109
... thoracic , and lumbar segments of the spinal cord . There are eight pairs of cervical nerves , and the anterior rami of the first four plus the hypoglossal form the cervical plexus . The last four cervical plus the first two thoracic ...
... thoracic , and lumbar segments of the spinal cord . There are eight pairs of cervical nerves , and the anterior rami of the first four plus the hypoglossal form the cervical plexus . The last four cervical plus the first two thoracic ...
Contents
Preface 1 A Survey of the Speech Mechanism | 1 |
Nervous Regulation of Speech | 4 |
Autonomic and Endocrine Regulators of Speech | 46 |
Copyright | |
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abdominal activity anatomy arch artery articulation aryepiglottic folds arytenoid auditory basal ganglia basilar membrane body brain branch breathing called canal cells centers central cerebellum cerebral cerebrum cervical cochlea connective tissue cortex cranial cricoid cricothyroid disorders elevates epiglottis epithelium Eustachian tube external facial frequency frontal function ganglion glands glottis gyrus hard palate hearing hormone hyoid bone impulses inferior innervated internal involved larynx lateral lesions ligament lips lobe lower lung mandible mandibular maxillary medial medulla middle ear motor mouth movements mucosa mucous membrane muscular nasal cavities nasopharynx nerve fibers nervous system neurons nose nucleus oral organ originates paired palatine pharynx phonation pitch posterior posteriorly pressure produce region resonance respiratory ribs sensory septum side sinus sinuses soft palate speech sounds spinal cord structures superior surface teeth temporal thoracic thyroid cartilage tone tongue tonsils trachea tract transverse upper velum ventricle vertebrae vibrations vocal folds voice vowels wall