RELIGION AND CULTURE.

553

apon Greek civilization. They feel the error of asceticism so strongly as almost to loathe the Middle Ages.1 These writers strangely overlook the place of self-denial in a world where evil has so great a sway; and they strangely forget that the antique culture, with all its beautiful products, underwent a terrible shipwreck. The problem of the reconciliation of religion and culture, and of the harmonizing of the proper claims of this life and of the life to come, is one for the solution of which Protestantism has the key.

1 See the writings of Taine, passim.

APPENDIX I.

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.1

1479. Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand V (the Catholic) and Isabella. (Conquest of Granada, 1492.)

1480. Establishment of the Spanish Inquisition.

1483. Birth of Luther, November 10.

1484. Birth of Zwingle, January 1.

1485. Accession of Henry VII. (the House of Tudor), in England end of the Wars of the Roses.

1491. Birth of Ignatius Loyola.

1492. Discovery of America by Columbus.

1493. Accession of Maximilian I. as Emperor.

1494. Invasion of Italy by Charles VIII. Conquest of Naples by the French. Beginning of the Wars of Italy.

1495. Naples reconquered by Ferdinand II. Diet of Worms: establishment of the Imperial Chamber.

1497. Birth of Melancthon, February 6. Vasco da Gama doubles the Cape of Good Hope and sails to India.

1498. Death of Savonarola, May 23.

1500. Birth of Charles V., February 24.

1501. Louis XII. and Ferdinand V. (the Catholic), conquer and divide the kingdom of Naples. Contest between them.

1502. The University of Wittenberg is founded.

1503. Louis XII. finally deprived of Naples. Erasmus publishes the "Manual of a Christian Soldier." Death of Pope Alexander VI.; accession of Julius II.

1504. Death of Isabella of Castile. She is succeeded by her daughter Joanna, with her husband Philip I. of Austria, Duke of Burgundy.

1505. Peace between France and Spain; the kingdom of Naples is left wholly to Spain. Luther enters a monastery at Erfurt, August 17.

1 In preparing this Table, much aid has been derived from the Tables of Chronology in Alberi's edition of the Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Venca 'Appendice), 1863.

1506. Death of Philip I. Joanna becomes demented. Charles I. suc ceeds them (in his minority). Julius I. begins St. Peter's Church. He extends the papal dominion over Perugia and Bologna. Accession of Sigismund I. in Poland.

1508. League of Cambray against Venice, formed by Julius II., Ferdinand V., Louis XII., and Maximilian I. Luther is made a professor at Wittenberg.

1509. Accession of Henry VIII. in England. His marriage with Catharine of Aragon, June 29. Luther is ordained a priest, May 2. Birth of Calvin, July 10.

1510. Conquest of Goa on the coast of Malabar; foundation of Portuguese power in the East. Julius II. unites with Vence to drive the French out of Italy. Luther visits Rome.

1511. Ferdinand V. and Henry VIII. join the Holy League, ostensibly for the protection of the Church.

1512. Maximilian joins the Holy League. Maximilian of Sforza placed on the Ducal throne of Milan, from which the French are expelled. The Lateran Council (5th) opens, May 3. 1513. Death of Julius II., February 24. Accession of Leo X., March Death of James IV. of Scotland. Accession of James

11. V.

1514. Reuchlin's conflict with the Dominicans.

1515. Death of Louis XII.; accession of Francis I. He sets out to reconquer Milan. Battle of Marignano, September 13. Abolishment of the Pragmatic Sanction.

1516. Death of Ferdinand V., January 23. Charles of Austria becomes monarch of all Spain and its dependencies. Peace concluded between France, Spain, and Austria. Death of Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Bohemia; succeeded by Louis II. Zwingle a preacher in Einsiedeln. Erasmus publishes his New Testament. "Epistolæ Obscurorum Viro

rum."

1517. Luther posts his Theses, October 31.

1518. Luther appears before Cajetan at Augsburg, October Melancthon arrives at Wittenberg, August 25. Leo X. publishes a Bull on Indulgences, November 9. Mission of Miltitz into Saxony, December. Zwingle becomes pastor in Zurich.

1519. Death of Maximilian I., January 12. Charles, king of Spain elected Emperor, June 28. Disputation at Leipsic, July 24. Birth of Catharine de Medici, April 13.

1320. Excommunication of Luther by Leo X., June 15. Luther burns the bull, December 10. Insurrection of the Spanish

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

557

Commons; subdued the next year. Death of Selim I., and accession of Soliman II. as Sultan. Magellan begins the first voyage round the world.

appears before the Diet of

1521. Another bull issued against Luther, January 3. Luther Worms, April 18. Edict of the Diet against him, May 26. His abduction to the Wartburg, April 28. League of Leo X. and Charles V. Milan is wrested from the French by Charles V. Accession of Henry VIII. to the League. Soliman II. invades Hungary and takes Belgrade, August. Death of Leo X., December 1. Conquest of Mexico by Cortez, completed August 13. 1522. Accession of Adrian VI., January 9. Disturbances by Carlstadt at Wittenberg. Luther leaves the Wartburg. Luther's Answer to Henry VIII., July 15. Adrian's Letter to the Diet of Nuremberg, September 24. The Hundred Griev ances of Germany. Capture of Rhodes by Soliman II. 1523. Gustavus Vasa is proclaimed king of Sweden, June 6. Defection of the Constable Bourbon. Death of Adrian VI., September 24. Accession of Clement VII., November 19. Disputations at Zurich, January 29, and October 26. Reformation in Livonia.

1524. Treaty of Malmoe. End of the Union of Calmar. Independence of Sweden. Albert of Brandenburg declares for the Reformation. The Landgrave of Hesse favors it. Catholic League signed at Ratisbon, July 10. Peasants' War. Quarrel of Erasmus and Ulrich von Hutten. Secret alliance of Clement VII. and Francis I. Order of Theatins is founded.

1525. Defeat and capture of Francis I. at Pavia, February 25. Frederic I. of Denmark grants liberty to Protestantism. Mass abolished at Zurich, April 11. Zwingle publishes his "Commentary on True and False Religion." Luther's marriage, June 18. Death of the Elector Frederic, May 5. 1526. Treaty of Madrid, January 14. Battle of Mohacs. Death of Louis II. Ferdinand of Austria becomes king of Bohemia and Hungary. Civil war in Hungary. League of Cognac, between Francis I., Clement VII., and other powers, against the Emperor, May 22. Recess of the Diet of Spires, August 27. The League of Torgau is formed.

1527. Capture and sack of Rome by the imperial troops. Henry VIII. seeks a divorce from Catharine of Aragon. Diet of Westeras establishment of the Reformation in Sweden. Visitation of the Saxon Churches.

1528. Reformation begins in Scotland. Martyrdom of Hamilton Reformation established in Berne.