always refers to a time before the time of the verb in its sentence.

How is the verb inflected to form the past participle? What other part of the verb is formed in the same way?

Copy in a column all the past participles in "The Voyage of the Mayflower," and write in another column the verbs from which they are formed, and in still another the nouns they modify.

Use in sentences five past participles.

Read:

(4)

UTILIZING A RAT

A story is told of some of the monkeys in Lincoln Park, Chicago. The cage containing white rats had stood for a long time near the monkey cage, and the monkeys had displayed much curiosity and interest in their neighbors. One day, by way of an experiment, the keeper put a large white rat into the monkey cage. The monkeys screamed. with delight, and after a few days' observation of their new comrade they made fast friends with him, stroking his fur, fondling him in their arms, and sharing their food with him, even picking out choice bits for his special benefit.

One day a new idea seemed to strike the oldest monkey. ́ He put the rat from his arms gently upon the floor, and cautiously sat down upon him. The rat did not move, nor seem to object to the new use to which he was placed, and the monkey chattered with delight at his soft cushion. allowed the other monkeys to try the novel seat, and they all seemed equally pleased. From that time the rat's destiny was settled. He was in constant use as a sofa, and

He

the monkeys violently resented and opposed any attempt at his removal. They never injured the rat in any way, nor did he ever seem to be the worse for the peculiar use to which he was put, so the keepers allowed him to remain. It was said to be a common sight, so long as the rat was there, to see a demure monkey seated upon his back.

Copy all the words ending in ed in the above story. How can you tell which are verbs in the past tense and which are the past participles?

Write them in separate columns.

Write before each verb the subject of the sentence in which it occurs.

Write after each participle the noun that it modifies.

XXV

REVIEW

Inflected Forms of the Regular Verb

How many inflected forms of verbs have we learned? Copy these forms :

believe believes

believed

believing

Tell what new meaning is given by each change in

Copy these headings and write under each the proper

forms of follow, play, live, hurry, push, help, hasten, study, reward, punish.

These are all of the inflected forms of the regular verb. All other verb forms are made by using some one of these with an auxiliary (pages 171, 172), as: —

I may play. I will study. I am rewarded. I have studied. I have been punished. (For all the forms of the regular verb, see pages 334–340.)

NOTE: The old or solemn style has the forms in st and th, as:

Present tense, second person, thou believest.
Present tense, third person, he believeth.

Past tense, second person, thou believedst.

Name the tense and person of the verbs on page 204.

XXVI

IRREGULAR VERBS

What is the past tense of go? Of come, begin, bring, know, see?

What form of each of these verbs is used with the auxiliary have? Write each of them in a sentence, as

"I have gone."

These are called irregular verbs because the past tense and the past participle are not formed in the regular way.

What is the regular way?

There are about one hundred and seventy irregular verbs. About one half of them are in very common

use.

One of the commonest errors in speaking and writing is the incorrect use of irregular verbs.

A list is given in the Appendix, pages 347-356, which should be consulted whenever you are in doubt as to the correct form.

Read:

XXVII

LIE, LAY; SIT, SET

(1)

A DREAM

I usually lie on my side at night to avoid dreams; but this night for some unaccountable reason I lay on my back, which doubtless accounts for my experience, for whenever I have lain on my back something has happened.

It seemed to me that I was lying in a dreamy mood under the shade of a maple on a hillside.

Suddenly I saw on one of the lower branches an enormous black cat with glistening eyes, bristling whiskers, hair, and tail, expectantly licking its chops.

As I looked, horror stricken, the creature seemed to leave the branch and moved toward the earth—it did not fall, it did not leap, it did not fly. It simply settled slowly through the air, as I have often on a dull day seen a cloud of black smoke settle to the earth and blot out the landscape.

At length, after what seemed ages, it touched my body, at first gently. Then it lay on my breast. I could feel it and could see its glaring eyes fixed on mine. Gradually it seemed to grow heavier until I was oppressed by the weight. Still it did not move, and I could not. After it had lain there till I had lost all reckoning, I knew that it was gradually crushing my life out. I seemed to feel it settle into my body inch by inch. Its eyes grew fiercer and fiercer.

Till now I had been lying perfectly still, overcome with horror. Suddenly the thought of my doom filled me with

Note to the Teacher. - This is a typical lesson. It is well to have frequent drills on the forms of irregular verbs, taking one or two at a time, as they occur in the reading lessons or other lessons in school.

a fierce energy of rage and despair. I struggled, I shrieked, I grasped the creature by the throat and leaped from the bed, only to hear my wife's soothing voice, "There, there, John, what a noise you are making. What did you eat for dinner? Lie down and go to sleep. -B. G. WEST.

Copy from the above selection all the parts of the verb lie.

To what time does each refer?

Supply the proper part of lie in each of the following:

The book

The dog

on the table (present time).

by the fire (past time).

Here, on the sunny bank, I

I was tired and

I had just

(present time).

down to rest.

-down when the telephone bell rang.

The principal parts of lie, meaning to recline, are lie (lies), lay, lain.

Write sentences or a story using the different parts of lie.

(2)

The Correct Use of Lie, Lay; Sit, Set* (For reference)

Henry, where did you lay your book?

I laid it on the desk.

Lay, laid, laid.

The ostrich laid an egg in the sand.

Lay, laid, laid.

*To the Teacher. - These irregular verb forms should be studied one at a time, not in contrast. The lesson, section (1), may be taken as typical. There should be much drill in use.