affront, it was highly resented by him whom they served. Their business was to determine peace and war, leagues and agreements, and to proclaim them. They were also employed at jousts and tournaments. Noblemen, as well as princes, had their heralds and pursuivants.

Herald's College. This College is situated upon St. Bennet'shill, near Doctor's-Commons, and was the ancient house of Thomas Stanley, earl of Derby, who married Margaret, countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII. and the duke of Norfolk having in lieu thereof exchanged lands with the crown, he procured the same to be bestowed by queen Mary, on the king's heralds and pursuivants of arms for ever, that they might assemble, and preserve their records in this place. It has been rebuilt since the fire of London, and has a large room for keeping the court of honour, together with a library, houses, and apartments for the officers. See Earl Marshal, Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy.

King. A monarch who rules singly over a people. Camden derives the word from the Saxon. Among the Greeks and Romans, kings were priests as well as princes. The king of the Romans was a prince chosen by the emperor, as a coadjutor in the government of the empire. In all public letters, the king styles himself nos, we; though in the time of king John, he spoke in the singular number.

Knight properly signifies a person, who, for his virtue and martial prowess, is, by the king, raised above the rank of gentleman, into a higher class of dignity and honour. The word knight, in German Knecht, signifies a servant; and has since man of war. There is but one seen used for a soldier or instance where knight is used in the first sense, and that is in knight of the shire, who properly serves in parliament for such a county. In the Latin, French, Spanish, Italian, and Dutch languages, knight is expressed by a word signifying a horseman, as being usually employed on horseback. Indeed, our common law calls them milites, soldiers, because they usually held lands in knight service, to serve the king as soldiers in his wars; in which sense the word miles was used pro vassalo. Knighthood was the first degree of honour in the ancient armies, and was conferred, with much ceremony, on those who had distinguished themselves by valorous exploits. They were originally adopted, which we now call dubbed; as being supposed, in some measure, the sous of him who knighted them. The ceremonies at the creation of a knight have been various. The principal were a box on the ear, and a stroke with a sword on the shoulder. A shoulder belt, a gilt sword, spurs, and other military accoutrements, were put on,

4 A

after which, being armed as a knight, he was led in great pomp to the church.

Knights becoming very numerous, the dignity was of much less repute. Charles V. is said to have made five hundred in a single day; on which account, therefore, new orders of knighthood were instituted, to distinguish the more deserving. A knight, eques, among the Romans, was the second degree of nobility, following immediately that of the senators. At the titue of building the city of Rome, the whole army of Romulus consisted of 3000 foot, and 500 horse; which 500 horse were the original of the Roman equites, or knights. These made the second order that had places in the senate.

Knights Errant; a pretended order of chivalry, repeatedly mentioned in romances. They were heroes, who travelled in search of adventures, redressing wrongs, rescuing damsels, and taking all occasions to signalize their prowess. This romantic bravery of the old knights was, formerly, the chimera of the Spaniards; among whom, every cavalier had his mistress, whose esteem he was to gain by some heroic action. The duke of Alva, remarkable for his age and gravity, is said to have vowed the conquest of Portugal to a young lady. The celebrated romauce of Don Quixote, written by the ingenious Cervantes, very successfully ridiculed the adventures of these heroes, and considerably reduced their number. An interesting illustration of the curious and amusing ceremonies of knighthood may be found in a work, entitled, "Ancient Chivalry, 8vo. translated from the French of M. de Palaye."

Knights of the shire, or knights of parliament, are two gentlemen chosen on the king's writ, by such of the freeholders of every county as can expend 40s. per annum to represent such county in parliament. These, when every man who had a knight's fee, was customarily constrained to be a knight, were of necessity Milites gladio cincti, for so the writ runs to this day; but now custom admits esquires to be chosen to this office. They must have at least 6001. per annum, and their expenses are to be defrayed by the county, though this is seldom now required.

Knights Bachelors, were the lowest order of knights, and inferior to bannerets. At present, they are called equites aurati; from the gilt spurs that are put on them at the time of creation. The ceremony is exceedingly simple, the king touches him lightly with a naked sword, and says, Sois chevalier, au nom de Dieu; and afterwards, Avance chevalier.

Knights Bannerets were an ancient order of knights, or feudal lords, who, possessing several large fees, led their vassals to battle under their own flag or banner. The banneret was a dignity allowed to gentlemen of family, who had the power to raise a

certain number of armed men, with an estate sufficient to subsist about thirty men. Bannerets were second to none but knights of the garter. They were reputed the next below the nobility. In England the title died with the persons that gained it. The last person created banneret, was Sir John Smith, made so after the battle of Edgehill, for rescuing the standard of king Charles I.

Knight of the Garter. When a knight of the garter marries, his wife's arms must be placed in a distinct shield, because his own arms are surrounded with an ensign of the order; for though the husband may give his equal share of the shield and hereditary honour, yet he cannot share his temporary order of kuighthood with her.

Lord; a title of honour, attributed to those who are deemed noble, either by birth or creation, and are vested with the dignity of a baron. The word is of Saxon origin, and originally signified bread-giver; alluding to the hospitality of our ancient nobles. Lord amounts, in the above sense, to peer of the realm, lord of parliament. It is also applied to those so called by courtesy in England: as all sons of a duke, or marquis, and the elder son of an earl. The appellation is also given to some persons honourable by office; as lord chief justice, lord chancellor, lord of the treasury, &c.

Marshal, or Mareschal; primarily denotes an officer who has the care or command of horses. Marshal of France was the highest dignity of preferment in the French armies, under the old monarchy. The title was abolished at the revolution, but has since been revived, and is now used in the French and English armies. See Earl Marshal.

Marquis is a title next below a duke. It is derived by some from the Marcomauni, an ancient people, who inhabited the marches of Brandenburg. Marquises were anciently governors of frontier cities, or provinces, called marches. Marquis is originally a French title; the Romans were unacquainted with it. Richard II. was the first that-introduced the dignity of marquis in England. The coronet of a marquis has strawberry leaves and pearls placed alternately.

Monsieur; in the plural messieurs, a term, or title of civility used by the French, in speaking of their equals, or those a little below them; answering to Mr. or Sir, in English. The word is a compound of mon, my, and sieur, Sir. It is also the title of the heir apparent to the throne of France. The Italians say signor, and the Spaniards senor, iu the same sense, and from the same origin. The superscription of all letters began A monsieur, monsieur such a one. The use of the word monsieur was formerly more extensive. It was applied to persons who had

been dead for many ages, as monsieur St. Augustine, monsieur St. Paul, &c.

Norroy King of Arms. His office is to marshal the funerals of all the inferior nobility, as baronets, knights, esquires, and gentlemen, on the north side of the Trent. See Clarencieux.

Prince, is a person invested with the supreme command of a state or country; independent of any superior. It is also used for one who is sovereign of his own territories; yet acknowledges some other as his superior, and pays homage to him. Thus, all the princes of Germany are feudatories of the emperor: and, though they are as absolute in their respective principalities as the emperor himself, yet they are all bound in certain services to him. Prince is a title given to the issue of princes, or those of the royal family; in which sense, those of France were called princes of the blood. In England, the eldest son is created prince of Wales; the younger are created dukes or earls, with what title the king pleases. To all the king's children belongs the title of royal highness. All subjects are to kneel when admitted to kiss their hand; and at table, out of the king's presence, they are served on the knee. The youngest sons and daughters of the king, have precedence of all peers and public officers, as well ecclesiastical as temporal. Prince of Wales is born duke of Cornwall, and immediately entitled to all the rights, revenues, &c. belonging thereto. He is afterwards created prince of Wales and earl of Chester.

Pursuivant, the lowest order of officers at arms. They are properly, attendants on the heralds, when they marshal public ceremonies. Of those in England, there were formerly many, but at present only four, viz. blue-mantle, rouge-cross, rougedragon, and port-cullice. In Scotland, there is only one king at arms, styled Lyon, who has under him, no less than six heralds, as many pursuivants, and a great number of messengers

at arms.

Viscount is used for a degree of nobility, next below a count or earl, and above a baron. It is supposed to have been brought hither by the Normans. The coronet of a viscount is surrounded with pearls only.

BOOKS ON HERALDRY.

Porney's Elements of Heraldry, 8vo. Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry, from the French of M. de St. Palaye, 8vo. Brydson's Heraldry, 8vo.

CHAP. VIII.

USEFUL RECEIPTS IN ART AND SCIENCE.

Black Ink.

TAKE a quart of rain water, and put into it three ounces of galls, bruised or broken into small pieces, half an ounce of gum arabic, and a quarter of an ounce of copperas and rock alum; then add half an ounce of common salt, and a spoonful of brundy: put all together into a bottle or earthen pot; shake it frequently, and it will be fit for use in a fortnight.

N. B. Salt prevents the ink from moulding, and brandy, or any other spirit, from freezing.

Black Ink of a better quality.

Put a quart of rain-water into a stone or strong glass bottle, or an earthen pot, with a narrow mouth, to prevent the dust from falling into it; then put it into four ounces of fresh blue galls of Aleppo, bruised pretty small; two ounces of copperas, rocky and green; two ounces of the best gum arabic, and a quarter of an ouace of rock alum. Shake the whole well every day, and in the course of a month, the ink will be excellent. The longer it is kept, the better it will be.

Japan Ink.

Provide yourself with a bottle with a narrow mouth, then to quart of rape vinegar add a quarter of an ounce of gum arabic, and Roman vitriol each,, and a quarter of a pound of the best Smyrna galls, well bruised. Put the bottle in a warm place, and stir it frequently until the liquor becomes black. After that, add a quarter of an ounce of ivory-black, and two large spoons ful of seed-lac varnish. This will make an excellent shining ink.

Ink Powder.

Take five ounces of the clearest and best.Smyrna galls, reduce them to a powder; and sift it through a fine sieve, or through a piece of fine muslin; then add an ounce of white copperas, an ounce and half of Roman vitriol, and half an ounce of gum arabic. Pound them very well, and sift them as above directed; the powder will appear white; but as soon as it is put in water, it becomes black. One ounce of this powder will make a pint of very black ink.

Red Ink.

Take a pint of stale beer, three ounces of Brazil-wood ground to powder, two drachms of cochineal, two ounces of rock alum,