Of où. 150. Où, in which, where, &c., of both genders and numbers, refers to a noun implying place, time, condition, and end. L'endroit où je vais, et où je demeure, The end he aims at. La condition où je me vois réduit, The state to which I see myself reduced. You see what he is reduced to.* N.B. Où may be used for lequel, or for quoi, with verbs which govern à, dans, &c., still preserving the signification given at No. 150, but conveying a more vague or indefinite idea. Le but auquel La condition à laquelle, or Où il tend. Où je me vois réduit. 151. D'où (from where, or whence, out off). L'endroit d'où il sort, The place whence he comes. L'état déplorable d'où il m'a tiré, The deplorable state whence he has taken me. 152. Par où (through which). L'endroit par où nous avons passé The spot through which we passed. INTERROGATIVELY. 153. Où, d'où, par où, are also used interrogatively, still preserving the meanings given at Nos. 150-152. The spot endroit shocked he lives in, and where he directs his steps. I was 150 E E at seeing the state he was in. The situation he was in navré de douleur de place, f. (or in which he was) formerly, was better than the one he is in (or celui, f. *The Note †, p. 56, is also applicable to quoi and où. + See Note (, p. 59. in which he is) now. The country you come from is warmer than Remarquer very fine. The towns I shall pass through. Notice the countries you will pass through, or through which you will pass. INTERROGATIVELY. Do you know where I am going to? brella? Whereabouts does he live? Where do all these metals come from? Where have you put my um Where do you come from? Whence does this originate? provenir? Where will you go through? Whereabouts will the troops pass through? RECAPITULATORY EXERCISE UPON THE RELATIVE PRONOUNS. You see before you the man from whom I have received so many favours, and whose friendship is dearer to me than honours or riches. service What will you have for dinner? We have bought the land, the fertility * of which you admired. Whose name have you uttered? Ask for prononcé1? c D * anybody you please. For whose property* have you made yourself 129 responsible? Whose luggage is this? No one se rendre knows. I have many le -able de? subjects, but I know not which to write on. On what subject will you write? The subject on which you write is very beautiful. What are you going to write on? I do not know what to write on. I do not know what subject to write on. What are they responsible for? at a loss what to tell them. What do you say you have We were * A lost? God, whose works we admire, and whose wisdom watches over veiller us. Alexander, whose conquests strike us with admiration, but whose passions we blame. de The town near which I live. The man into whose hands we have * See Note*, p. 60. entre deposited our treasure. Apply déposer s'adresser to anybody you like. That is the only 129 G thing I find fault with. You may dance with anybody you please. trouver à redire à il vous plaira. God, whose wisdom guides the universe, and on whose goodness we gouverner rely. The reason why (for which) I differ from you. There is nothing to which he pays so much attention. He never advances anything he 148 faire I is not quite sure of. not return Learn to avoid the faults into which I fell. Do c D 2 1 He came at the very momême the same road | you came. où par ment I was speaking to you. Is that the happiness to which I so long longtemps aspired! The house he comes out of.* The family he comes from.* c D Whose turn † is it to shuffle the cards? Whose dictionary (as property) faire is that? Whose grammar (meaning the author) is that? Whose brother is she going to marry? Who else? What else? What does encore? épouser ? that proceed from? How comes it comment se fait-il that men are never satisfied with de to you for? redevable de their lot? What, is it possible! What are they indebted sort DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. (See ACCIDENCE, p. 18.) Ce, cet, cette, ces; this, that, these, those. 154. Pronouns which always require to be placed immediately before a noun. Ce ((m. s. before a cons.this, that Ce chapeau, this or that hat. Cet (m. or h mute) Cette (f. s.) Ces .............. (m. and f. plural)... these, those Ces hommes, these or those men. Ces femmes, these or those women. N.B. When the noun is particularly pointed out, ci (here), and là there), are placed after it. See Note §, p. 59. + See Note*, p. 60. EXERCISE. Gre me this copy-book. | Will you pick up that needle? cahier esteem that man. ramasser Look yonder at that hamlet; it is surrounded with trees. Place that inkstand nearer to me. These trees are still 155. Pronouns used when the object is not named. They are applied to things only. Ceci ......this Ceci est bon.......... This is good. Cela......thatjas,(Cela est mauvais...... That is bad. EXERCISE. Do you like this? Is that good? When did this* happen? When will that happen? Is this right? Was that good? Would not that be contrary to the rule? Celui, &c. Pronouns used to avoid the repetition of a noun named before. They are applied to persons and things. 156. Ci and là added to celui, &c., serve to point to one or more objects, named before, referring to their distance from the person speaking.† They stand thus : : De ces deux livres, j'aime mieux celui-ci que celui-là, Of those two books, I like this better than that. * Unless we speak of two different objects, we generally prefer using cela. + Remark that celui, celle, ceux, celles, are always used with one of the above words, ci, là, de, qui, que, &c., but never with two of them. Therefore we do not say Celui-ci de or qui or que, Celui-là de or qui or que. 157. De, added to celui, &c., refers to a person or an object possessed.* They stand as follow: Celui de...... père, ou celle de votre frère? these or those (of). Which of the two houses do you like best? your father's or your brother's? 158. He, she, they, these, those, and the one, placed before a relative pronoun, are expressed by celui, celle, &c. They stand as follow: (the one which.t Celui qui ............he who, Celle qui ............she who, and speaking Ceux qui ..they who, those which. of things, those which. the one which. Celles qui............they who, And so on, with any preposition. Celui auquel .that of whom, or of which. .that from whom. that to which. Celui avec lequel ......that with which. And also with him who, or whom, her who, &c. EXAMPLES. Celui qui parle .........He who speaks. Celui que je vois......... He whom I see. Celle à qui j'écris ......She to whom I write. Celui auquel j'ai donné de l'avoine, Celui pour lequel je donnerai cinquante guinées, speaking of a horse 159. Celui-ci, celle-ci, &c., also correspond to the English expression, "the latter," and celui-là, &c., to the former," that is, refer to two nouns mentioned before; celui-ci to the one last mentioned, and celui-là to the first. Sylla and Pompey were two great generals; but the former was cruel and vindictive, and the latter kind and generous, Sylla et Pompée étaient deux grands capitaines; mais celui-ci était bon et généreux, et celui-là cruel et vindicatif, or celui-là était cruel et vindicatif, mais celui-ci, &c. See Note †, p. 68. + Therefore, never say l'un qui, &c., but celui qui, &c. ; nor il qui, elle qui, &c. As in such a sentence as the following: I shall give a reward to him or to her who deserves it most, Je donnerai une récompense à celui (or à celle) qui la mérite le plna |